-local hormone released from blood vessels and platelets, don’t travel great distances
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What are pheromones?
used for sexual attraction, have other roles in synchronization e.g. menstrual cycle
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What are peptide hormones?
bind to a cell surface receptor on a target cell e.g. insulin
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What are steroid hormones?
-lipids that enter a target cell e.g. sex hormones
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What does endocrine mean?
release hormones into the blood
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What does exocrine mean?
release hormones into a duct
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What are the responsive hormones?
adrenalin, cortisol, thyroxine
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What is the name of the cells that produce adrenalin?
chromaffin cells
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What are the receptors for adrenalin?
alpha and beta
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What are the three levels of control of hormones in the pituitary?
hypothalamus releasing corticotophin releasing hormone. anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotrophic hormone, activates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
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Describe the structre of the adrenal gland.
outer layer is the adrenal medulla,Adrenal cortex is in the center. made up of the zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa and then the capsule.
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What is aldosteronism?
when the aldosterone levels are high, causes high sodium levels, hypertension, low potassium levels and muscle paralysis, causes lethargy and can affect heart function.
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What is Addison's disease?
adrenocortical insufficiencyDue to the low cortisol levels there is mental lethargy, weight loss, low bp. And skin pigmentation.
high temperature, nervous, hyperactive, underweight, tachycardia, flushed moist skin
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What is Grave's disease?
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins, Produced by B cells infiltrating thyroid gland, TSI stimulate thyroid follicle cells, Increased iodine uptake and T3&T4 production
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What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?
nerve and muscle excitation increased bone weakness, cramps, tetany
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What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
nerve and muscle excitation decreased, cardiac arrythmia, Lethargy, weakness, nausea
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What is the osteoid made up of?
connective tissue and collagen matrix.
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What are the two main types of cell present in the osteoid?
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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What are osteoclasts?
large multinucleate cells that secrete H+ ions and hydrolytic enzymes.
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What are osteoblasts?
these are bone forming cells. they producea new matrix which is mineralized.
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What hormone controls calcium in the body?
The parathyroid hormone
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How are peptide hormones made?
Synthesized as preprohormones, these are inactive hormone which needs to be activated. They are cleaved to prohormone which is packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi. This is then cleaved to form the active hormone.
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How are steroid hormones made?
Derived from cholesterol, which is derived from Low density lipoproteins entering the cells.Cholesterol then converted to the steroid in mitochondria and SER. Steroid hormones diffuse out of the cell into interstitial fluid and blood.
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What does the infundibulum do?
connects the pituiatry to the hypothalamus, connects nerves and vessels together
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are pheromones?
Back
used for sexual attraction, have other roles in synchronization e.g. menstrual cycle
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