Human resources

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Define human resources
the organisations employees in general or the department responsible for their management
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What are the internal influences on HRM objectives?
corporate objectives (eg cost minimisation will mean making staff redundant), operational strategies (eg new IT systems means fewer staff will be needed, marketing strategies (eg new products in new markets may mean fewer sales team), financial strategies
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External influences on HRM objectives
market changes (eg loss of market share may mean new management is needed), economic changes (eg unemployment rates), technological changes (eg social media is now a new way to contact), political and legal changes, social changes (eg single parent househ
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Hard approach
could make a more cost effective workforce where decision making is quicker and focused on senior managers. but may lead to people being unhappy in work so may leave, then will need to recruit.
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Soft approach
rewards employees performance and motivates staff. but being too soft can lead to employee benefits adding up so the cost of the workforce may lead to a competitive disadvantage
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How does PESTLE influence HR objectives?
political - may have to change wages based off minimum wage
economic - may find it harder to recruit due to low unemployment levels
social - eg customers expect quick delivery and good customer service
technological - help communication within the busi
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Labour turnover calculation
(number of employees leaving during a period of time / average number employed during a period) X 100
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Labour retention calculation
(number of employees employed for one year or more/ average number of staff) X 100
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Unit labour costs calculation
total labour cost/total level of output
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Human Resources flow
inflow: recruitment and election, induction
internal flow: career development, promotion, training
outflow: employees leaving voluntarily, redundancy, retirement
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What is job design?
the process of deciding on the content of a job in terms of its duties and responsibility. basically a job description
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What does the Hackman and Oldham model show?
the model is based off the belief that the task itself is the key to employee motivation. a boring job stifles motivation. the model argues its possible to design jobs that add to employee motivation
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5 job characteristics to predict job satisfaction
1. skill variety: are they asked to do a lot of things? how many skills does the job require?
2. task identity: is there a defined beginning middle and end? do they know when they have completed the task successfully
3. autonomy: how much freedom do the
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What is organisational design?
a method that identifies bad aspects of work flow, so the business can change them. helps a business to manage itself and grow.
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Whats the difference between organisational design and organisational structure?
Organisational design is the actual formal process of integrating people, information and technology. Whereas organisational structure the formal authority, power and roles in an organisation
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3 purposes of the organisational structure
- to clarify relationships
-clarify lines of authority
-way of communicating
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What is span of control?
the area of activity and number of functions, people or things for which an individual or organisation is responsible
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What are the advantages of delegation?
reduces management stress and workload, allows senior managers to focus on key tasks, subordinates are empowered and motivated
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What are the disadvantages of delegation?
can be poor quality(depending on subordinate experience), harder in a smaller firm, may increase stress and workload of subordinates
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Centralised structure
a hierarchy decision making structure where decisions and processes are handled at the top of the level
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Decentralised structure
when daily operations and decision making responsibilities are delegated by top management to middle and lower level managers
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Micahael Beer - human resource flow 3 elements
1. human inflow - recruiting into the business
2. internal human flow - movement of employees in the business indulging in promotion and demotion
3. human outflow - the realease of employees
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What is the selection and recruitment process?
identify job vacancy, carry out job analysis, create a job description, create a person specification, advertise the job, send out allocation forms, collect cv applications, create a shortlist, hold interviews, inform successful candidate
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Advantages of internal recruitment
cheaper and quicker to recruit, people already familiar with the business and how it operates, motivates employees as they know they can be promoted, business already knows strengths and weaknesses of candidates
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Disadvantages of internal recruitment
no new ideas can be introduced from the outside, may cause resentment among employees who didnt get the job, creates another vacancy that needs to be filled
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Advantages and disadvantages of external recruitment
advantages: people bring in new ideas, larger pool of workers so can find the best candidate, people have a wider range of experience.
disadvantages: longer process, more expensive
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On the job training
when employees receiving training whilst remaining in the workplace. main methods; instruction, coaching, job rotation
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Advantages and disadvantages of on the job training
advantages: cost effective, employees are productive, opportunity to learn whilst doing
disadvantages: quality depends on the trainer and the time available, bad habits may be passed on
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Off the job training
when an employee is taken away from their place of work to be trained. common methods; day realise, evening classes, block release courses
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Advantages and disadvantages of off the job training
advantages: wider range of skillsand qualifications can be obtained, can learn from experts, employees can be more confident when starting the job.
disadvantages: more expensive due to travel and accommodation, lost work time so less output
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Carrot and stick method
motivational approach where the 'carrot' is a reward for good behaviour and 'stick' is a consequence for bad behaviour. extrinsic form of motivation
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what did Taylor say about motivation?
says managers should decide exactly how tasks should be completed. Taylors methods are;
observe workers
identify the most efficient workers
invent equipment to speed up tasks
instruct every employee
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
self actualisation - intellectual needs, fulfilling potential

esteem - self respect, level of status

social - feeling wanted, sense of belonging

safety - safe working environment, job security

psychological - basic needs eg food and shelter
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Examples of monetary motivation
salary - paid a fixed amount per pay period
wage - paid by the hour
overtime
commission - a bonus on top of their salary
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Piece rate
when workers are paid per unit produced, don't get a fixed salary, aren't entitled to sick pay. motivates them to be more productive as they will be paid more.
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Performance related pay
the amount is determined by both the individual and the business meeting targets, often done by annual appraisals.
benefits:rewards the best workers, ensures targets are met
disadvantages: customers feel overwhelmed by staff when they enter store, busin
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Profit sharing
awards employees a % of the company's profits. amount is based off the company's earnings over a set period of time
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What's the purpose of a trade union?
they are organisations of workers that seek through collective bargaining with employers to;
protect and improve their income, provide job security, protect workers from unfair dismal, lobby for better working conditions
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Whats the purpose of a works council?
a group of employees representing a workforce in discussions with their employers. an employer can inform and consult its workforce about economic and employment related matters
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How to improve employer - employee relations
have good communication, helps employees feel valuable, inspire and reward, offer career development
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What is arbitration?
this is a method used to resolve industrial disputes, when a third party gets involved.
non binding: the outcome can either be accepted or rejected by the parties involved
binding arbitration: the decision made is legally binding
pendulum - in favour o
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What is ACAS?
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service

they work with employers and employees to improve workplace relationships. they are an independant public body that gets gov funding
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the internal influences on HRM objectives?

Back

corporate objectives (eg cost minimisation will mean making staff redundant), operational strategies (eg new IT systems means fewer staff will be needed, marketing strategies (eg new products in new markets may mean fewer sales team), financial strategies

Card 3

Front

External influences on HRM objectives

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Hard approach

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Soft approach

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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