Henry VIII Foreign Policy 1514-1540

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  • Created by: emma why
  • Created on: 19-05-13 14:00
Why did Wolsey know that England could not follow an aggressive foreign policy?
Simply could not afford it!
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What happened when Louis XII of France died?
Marriage alliance between England and France ended, Henry planned to marry widowed Mary to new King but she secretly married Charles Brandon, Duke of Somerset
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How did Francis I of France cause unrest in Scotland?
Encouraged Duke of Albany, second in line to Scottish throne after James V, to overthrow regent government - Margaret fled
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When did Francis win a victory at Battle of Marignano?
September 1515
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What was the consequence of Francis' victory at the Battle of Marignano?
Control of Milan and most of Northern Italy. 1516 in position to negotiate Concordat of Bologna with Pope Leo X
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What was the Concordat of Bolgna?
Signed between Francis and Pope Leo X, confirming right of French kings to appoint bishops to French sees
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What did Henry do as he was unable to launch an invasion against Francis who was achieving victories in Italy?
Secret subsidy to Emperor Maximilian to repel French advances in Northern Italy, Maximilian accepted money then defected to French.
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What was Wolsey's response to the betrayal of Maximilian regarding the French?
Proposed anti-French league of Rome, Venice, Spain and Empire. However due to the death of Ferdinand this was not to be possible.
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Why did Ferdinand's death affect Wolsey's hopes for an anti-French league?
Succeeded by Charles V who did not want to engage French at war and made peace with them at Noyon in 1516
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When did Ferdinand die?
January 1516
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What did Wolsey do to try and prevent Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian from joining the peace with Francis and Charles?
Offered bribe but in 1517 Maximilian joined the alliance, through Peace of Cambrai.
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What was the resultant of the Peace of Cambrai?
England was left isolated
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What led to the Treaty of London?
Since beginning of 1518 Pope Leo X called for crusade against Turks.
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What was the result of Wolsey's modified plans in 1518?
Christian peace settlement binding France, Papacy, Spain, Empire and England to action against Turks
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In what ways did the Treaty of London aid England?
Led to Anglo-French Treaty, ended threat of English isolation, prestige of treaty
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What were the benefits of the Anglo-French Treaty signed after the Treaty of London?
Tournai returned to the French in return for a pension of 12,000 livres, success due to expense. Mary pledged to marry the Dauphin of France and the Duke of Albany out of Scotland.
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What was agreed in the Treaty of London, signed October 1518?
20 representatives of European powers signed agreeing collective security and a guaranteed non-aggression pact, agreeing to help other members if attacked.
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What did Wolsey gain from the Treaty of London?
Title of Legate a latere, position he had hoped for since 1514.
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What happened after the death of Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor?
Vote for new Emperor, both France and Spain wanted support.
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Who won the election for Holy Roman Emperor?
Charles was elected in 1519
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What was the significance of Charles' position as Holy Roman Emperor?
Now ruled territories in Spain, Netherlands, Naples and German land as HRE - threatened to encircle France
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How did Charles' role as Holy Roman Emperor impact on England?
Wolsey and Henry tried to present England as arbiter of peace in Europe while France nad Empire looked to attract as ally.
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How did Henry VIII gain the title Defender of the Faith from the Pope?
In response to Martin Luther's Ninety-Five theses attacking corruption inside the Catholic Church, wrote the Defence of the Seven Sacraments asserting the power of Roman Catholic Faith
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When did Henry and Francis meet near Calais at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
June 1520
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In what way can the Field of the Cloth of Gold be seen as a failure?
No treaties signed - instead eleven days of sporting events
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In what way can Field of Cloth of Gold be seen as a success?
Prestige of England, even though did not choose Franics as an ally
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When did Charles V visit England and when did he meet Henry at Gravelines in Northern France
Visited England in May 1520 and in July met Henry in Northern France
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Why was Henry unlikely to seek an alliance with France (1520)?
Traditional hostility with France and Henry resented Francis' successes since 1515 in Italy, England had important trade links with Low Countries which would be safeguarded by an alliance with Charles who ruled over Netherlands, papacy anti-French
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When did Wolsey arrange a three-power conference at Calais with England as a peacebroker?
July 1521
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When did Wolsey travel to Bruges and why?
August 1521, concluded a setttlement with Charles agreeing that English forces would invade France unless Francis agreed a peace. Charles promised to compensate for loss of French pensions
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What did Wolsey manage to negotiate when he concluded an agreement with Charles regarding France?
Delay in England entering a war with France until 1523, hoping that the situation might change somewhat
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In what way was the situation of the French invasion of 1522 different from that of 1513?
Conquest of France was not met with such enthusiasm as had to be funded through increase in taxation
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When in 1522 was war declared on France?
May 1522, army under Surrey sent from Calais to Normandy and Picardy.
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What was the failing of the 1522 war in France?
No territorial gains and little support from Charles.
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When did Francis face a rebellion from Duke of Bourbon (felt denied territorial inheritance) and why was this significant?
August 1523. Attack planned with Imperial and English troops aiding Bourbon. English forces sent under Suffolk in August 1523, fell apart due to lack of supplies and Wolsey forced to seek peace
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How much did the English invasion of France in August 1523 cost?
£400,000
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Why was the Amicable Grant sought?
In 1525 Charles conquered Milan and captured Francis at Pavia. Ambitious English plans envisaged joint of France with Charles, march on Paris with Henry declared King of France and plans for Mary to marry .
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When did Wolsey demand a non-parliamentary tax?
February 1525
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What happened in response to the Amicable Grant?
Violence in East Anglia and more importantly in London
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When was the Amicable Grant abandoned?
May 1525
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In what way did Charles betray Henry between 1522 and 1525?
In 1522 and 1523 failed to back English invasions of France, in 1525 denied Henry gains from victory in Italy and also renounced marriage contract with Princess Mary.
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What did Henry do after Francis was released from Charles?
Under consequence of Treaty of the More 1525 agreed to give up claims to French throne in return for pension
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What was the intention of the League of Congnac?
Oppose Charles' possible domination of Europe
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When was the League of Cognac set up?
May 1526
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Who joined the League of Cognac and who financed it?
Joined: Papacy (Clement VII), Republics of Venice and Florence, France and Duchy of Milan. England financed but never joined
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When was the Treaty of Westminster signed?
April 1527
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What was agreed under the Treaty of Westminster?
Perpetual peace between France and England and Francis/his secondson to marry Mary. Henry agreed to fight Charles if refused peace but in reality lacked military might.
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When did Charles sack Rome and take Pope Clement VII prisoner?
May 1527
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What was the significance of the sack of Rome?
Prevented Pope granting Henry's divorce
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When did Henry declare war on Charles after sack of Rome?
January 1528 - useless step as army not good enough
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When did France Spain and the Papacy sign the Peace of Cambrai, leading to an end of Wolsey?
1529
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What was the main issue addressed in Henry's foreign policy in the 1530s?
Domestic issues, reaction to fear of an invasion by Charles V (who was actually busy with Turks) or Catholic crusade (Francis more concerned Italy however). Cromwell ensured for most decade less warlike.
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What did the ten year truce between Charles V and Francis I in 1538mean to Henry?
Threat of invasion much more likely, used some money from Dissolution to fortify Southern coast.
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What did Cardinal Reginald Pole urge Charles and Francis to do in the 1530s?
Overthrow England
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What were Henry's choices in the 1530s to protect his country?
Make an alliance with the Protestant princes - approached them in 1533 and 1535 - or allow the Habsburg-Valois rivalry to take natural course, as in 1536 after death of Anne and Catherine, hoping relations would be better with them)
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What did Henry do in 1539 under the advice of Cromwell?
Marry Anne of Cleves (Duke of Cleves not Lutheran but part of their alliance- Schmaldic League)
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What happened after the marriage to Anne of Cleves which rendered it pointless?
Alliance between Francis and the Emperor collapsed
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What success did Henry achieve in 1543?
Captured Bologne
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What happened in 1545?
War with Scotland and France prevented from invading England by weather conditions.
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What happened when Louis XII of France died?

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Marriage alliance between England and France ended, Henry planned to marry widowed Mary to new King but she secretly married Charles Brandon, Duke of Somerset

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Card 4

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When did Francis win a victory at Battle of Marignano?

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Card 5

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What was the consequence of Francis' victory at the Battle of Marignano?

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