Global Poverty

What is Povery?

"an economic condition of lacking both money and basic necessities needed to successfully live, such as food, water, education, healthcare and shelter."

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Poverty around the World

Almost half the world - over 3 billion people - live on less than $2.50 a day. 50% of children in poverty. Half the world's wealth owned by 1% of the population. Less than 1% of world spending on weapons needed to put every child in school by '00.

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What is Absolute Poverty?

" a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs. It depends not only on income but access to services."

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What is Relative Poverty?

Below a relative poverty threshold - "households with an accumulated income less than 50% of the median income of that area are living in relative poverty."

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What is the International Poverty Line?

$1.90 PPP adjusted (Purchasing Power Parity)

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Measuring Poverty: Human Poverty Index (HPI)

1. A Standard of Living Measure 2. A literacy measure 3. Probability of survival. e.g. LIC: Probability at birth not surviving to 40, Adult literacy rate, Average pop. without sustainable access to water. HIC: Probability at birth not surviving 60...

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Measuring Poverty: Human Development Index (HDI)

1. Life expectancy at birth (index of pop. health and longevity) 2. Knowledge and education measured by adult literacy (2/3rds weighting) 3. Standard of Living, measured GDP per capita PPP

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Measuring Poverty: Physical Quality of Life Index

1. Infant mortality 2. Life expectancy at 1 year 3. Bsic literacy on a 0-100 scale

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Measuring Poverty: Multidimensional Poverty Index

Replaced HPI. Assesses poverty at an individual level. Three Dimensions: Health, Education, Living Standard. Ten Indicators: Nutrition, Child mortality, years in school, attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, safe water, electricity, flooring, assets.

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Causes of Poverty: Government and Politics

Corruption and Violence. Land Grabs - land being sold to international investors. Inability to redistribute wealth. Colonialism.

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Causes of Poverty: Physical Environment

Landlocked. Lack of natural resources. Natural Disasters. Water insecurity.

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Causes of Poverty: Social

Poor healthcare/healthcare costs. Population increase faster than economic growth. Demographic trap - poorest countries still have large families. Chronically hungry. Pandemics and Epidemics. Availability of food. Clean water and sanitation.

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Causes of Poverty: Economic

High unemployment. Lack of industrialisation. Poverty trap.

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Causes of Poverty: Aid

Appropriate and sustainable aid. Hard to reach for international aid.

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Why is Africa the least developed continent?

Dry conditions - dry seasons longer in the last 30 years. Severe environmental degredation - soil erosion. Colonial legacy - resources exploited, boundaries in straight lines, tribal instability. War. Debt. Tariffs are 4x that between west countries.

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Background of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Portuguese traders arrive 1480, discovered natural wealth. 4 million Congolese slaves forced to Americas. Had world's largest rubber supply - demand 1800s. Collected by slaves. Belgians killed millions for disobedience. Mining boom. Independence 1960

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Causes of Poverty in DR Congo

Of 5000 gov. jobs pre-independence, 3 help by Congolese. No lawyers, doctors, economists or engineers. 16 Uni grads. Tyrant Mobutu took control. Bled country of Billions. Economic policies a disaster - tried to nationalise all businesses.

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DR Congo Facts

One of most natural rich countries on Earth. War post-independence (Great War of Africa) killed 5 million. Country collapsed - no link roads. Congo river and Rainforest both second to Amazon. 40% women ***** in East, children are outsiders. 1/5 die 5

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How much did the UN spend on peace-keeping in Congo?

$1 billion - most expensive peace-keeping project ever.

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What percentage of moderately poor live in Sub-Saharan Africa and East+South Asia?

90%

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What is extreme poverty?

Unable to meet basic needs of survival - are not surviving.

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What percentage of people in Africa are in extreme poverty?

50%

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Where is Africa's largest slum and how many live there?

Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya. 1 million live there. Huge differerences in Nairobi alone.

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How many are living in Multidimensional Poverty?

1.6 billion. 40% in India. 33% in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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What percentage of the world's poorest live in rural areas?

75%

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Addressing Poverty: What is Fairtrade? Examples of where there is Faritrade?

Fairtrade ensures decent wage and standard of living (and education). In Bolivia, Toledo Cacao Growers Association has 120 members Provides long-term contracts and access to credit. TNCs (Nestle, Cadbury, Starbucks) now buy fairtrade.

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How do microfinance initiatives work?

Allows poor to get low interest loans for businesses. Take control of their own finances. Local entrepeneurs can appeal to westeners for investment.

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Economic Inequality and Political Capture

Extreme levels of wealth concentration. Economic inequality has negative impacts on economic growth and poverty reduction. Rules bend in favour of rich.

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What are MDGs and SDGs?

MDGs are the Millennium Development Goals which were to be achieved by 2015. There were 8 goals. SDGs are the Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals. Set in 2015 to be achieved by 2030. There are 17 SDGs.

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Multilateral Aid - WHO. How dos it work?

Supports countries to design and implement 'pro-poor health policies'. Funded through assessed and voluntary contributions. WHO decide where the money should go.

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Advanted of WHO/ Multilateral Aid

Governments can receive loans or grants for projects which should improve economy or social wellbeing. Loans at very low interest. Not tied, theoretically. Real needs focussed upon.

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Disadvantages of WHO/Multilateral Aid

Money often needs to be paid back. Doesn't often reach the people it was meant for.

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Bilateral Aid - DfID. How does it work?

Working to end extreme poverty. Funded by UK government. the 2002 international Development Act clarified purpose of aid spending as poverty reduction. Government body decided where the money is spent.

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Advantages of DfID/Bilateral Aid

Funds smaller, local projects in 28 countries - e.g. 'Girls' Education Challenge'. A part of national agenda - long-term. Trying to end need for air - self-sufficiency.

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Disadvantages of DfID/Bilateral Aid

Tied Aid. Top-down approach - people who need it don't always get it. Recipient falls into further debt. Projects often large-scale, inappropriate for recipient country.

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Non-Governmental Organisations - Oxfam. How do they work?

Originally set up to combat famine. Works through grass-roots organisaitons. Funding predominantly from public generosity. The charity decides where the money is spent. Only decided after a clear, sustainable plan is agreed.

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Advantages of Oxfam/NGOs

Tend to target small-scale, community based projects. People who need the aid receive it. Quickest to respond after natural disasters. No political ties. Appropriate technology used.

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Disadvantages of Oxfam/NGOs

Rely on gonerosity of public. Cash flow not guarranteed.

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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation - what is it?

The Gates Foundation is the largest in the world, worht $33.5 billion. Primary aim: reduce poverty on a global scale. Microfinance projects. Grants to other global networks, e.g. Grameen Foundation. Investment into the AGRA.

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Gates Foundation - Pro Mujer, Latin America

Microfinance projects - $3.1 million directed to poorest female entrepeneurs. Women targeted on basis they will invest profit into child education and improving the family home. Rent Mobile Phones.

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Was the scheme Successful?

Brought links between local Latinos and western investors. Empowered women. Began to stop cycle of generational pverty.

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MDG: Extreme Poverty - Successes

In 1990, nearly half the population in the developing world lived in extreme poverty, that proportion dropped to 14% in 2015.

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MDG: Extreme Poverty - Challenges

There are still 800 million in extreme poverty and suffering from hunger

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MDG: Extreme Poverty - Africa

Nairobi is home to the largest slum in the world, Kibera Slum

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MDG: Extreme Poverty - Ethiopia

Total Population living below the poverty line has declined to 29% - halved. Over 20 million still live in extreme poverty.

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MDG: Primary Education - Successes

Primary School net anrolment rate in developing regions reached 91% in 2015, up from 83% in 2000

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MDG: Primary Education - Challenges

57 million children of primary school age still not in school.

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MDG: Primary Education - Africa

Ghana - primary school enrolment reached 100% in 2007. 108 million increased in the number of school children in the next decade.

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MDG: Primary Education - Ethiopia

School enrolment at all levels has improved remarkably. Primary schools are well-distributed. Over 90% of children go to school.

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MDG: Gender Equality - Successes

Women have gained ground in parliamentary representation in nearly 90% of the 174 countries with data.

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MDG: Gender Equality - Challenges

Women still only account for 1/5 members in parliament. Women earn on avergae 24% less than men globally.

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MDG: Gender Equality - Africa

80% of women don't receive a formal wage. In 7 African countries, women now hold 30% or more seats in their parliament.

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MDG: Gender Equality - Ethiopia

One of the 16 African Countries with a female representation of over 30% in non-agricultural sectors. Persistence of early marriage adn violence against girls.

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MDG: Child Mortality - Successes

Despite population growth in developing regions, the child mortality rate under 5 has declined from 12.7 million in 1990 to 6 million in 2015 globally.

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MDG: Child Mortality - Challenges

About 16000 die every day before their 5th birthday, mostly from preventable diseases.

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MDG: Child Mortality - Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa's child mortality has declined by 22% since 1990. In 2008, the highest rates of child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for half of the world's 8.8 million deaths.

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MDG: Child Mortality - Ethiopia

Infant mortality still high at 80 per 1000 live births, but has reduced by about 2/3rds.

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MDG: Maternal Health - Successes

In Northern Africa, the proportion of pregnant women who received four or more antenatal visits increased from 5% to 89% between 1990 and 2014.

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MDG: Maternal Health - Challenges

Just half of pregnant women in devleoping regions receive the recommended minimum of four antenatal care visits.

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MDG: Maternal Health - Africa

The least progress. 190,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth - represents more than half the global total.

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MDG: Maternal Health - Ethiopia

Community health extension programme provides health care sevices in rural areas. Less than 50% of births area seen by a skilled birth attendant.

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MDG: HIV/AIDS - Successes

New HIV infections fell by 40% between 2000 and 2013, from an estimatd 3.5 million to 2.1 million

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MDG: HIV/AIDS - Challenges

Only an estimated 36% if tge 31.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the developing regions were receiving ART in 2013

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MDG: HIV/AIDS - Africa

4 milion now receiving medication for HIV/AIDS, up from 50,000 in 2002. For every person put on treatment, two more are newly infected.

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MDG: HIV/AIDS - Ethiopia

Had 4% of world's HIV sufferes in 2013. 90% in age group 15-49 - the most productive segment of society.

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Adressing Global Poverty - UN MDGs

Target driven approach - sense of commitment. Poor nations promised to adress governance issues and wealthy nations committed resources. The World Bank, IMF and members of World Trade Organisations declared themselves also accountable.

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Addressing Global Poverty - The World Bank

Promote economic and social progress. 187 member countries. Poorest countires given interest-free loans with very long repayment terms. Scale sometimes too large, doesn't adapt aid. Run by a few wealthy nations, make assumptions.

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Addressing Global Poverty - Slum Dwellers International (SDI)

Grass-roots network in 34 countries. Secure shelter and basic ameneties, acts as a broker between community leaders abd government agencies. Integrating women - giving them financial responsibility. Working in 70 cities in India on water projects.

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Why is there poverty in Ethiopia?

Rural people can't live in urban areas. Little infrastructure. Deforestation - 2 billion tonnes of top soil lost/year. Conflict. Corrupt. Dependency on rain. Little fertile land - distributed by state.

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Since 1984, by how much has the population increased in Ethiopia?

Doubled

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With good rainfall, for how long can the average family feed themselves for in Ethiopia?

5 months

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What is forcing people to cities in Ethiopia? What is the population growth rate in cities?

Drought and Famine. 4%

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How does rainfall affect life in Ethiopia?

High variability in rainfall (decreases with loss of elevation). Increases risks for farmers. Eastern lowlands unsuitable for crop production.

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How much of the population have access to safe water in Ethiopia?

Less than Half

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What is the farming industry like in Ethiopia?

Accounts for 85% of the workforce, and 45% of the GDP. Arable land is overcrowded, over-cultivated and under maintained. Less than 3% of Ethiopia is forested - mass deforestation.

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What happened when the coffee prices dropped between 1999 and 2005?

Lost nearly $900 million

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What is the Life Expectancy in Ethiopia? And what other major health problems are there here?

Life Expectancy from birth at 55 years old. MALNUTRITION is a chronic problem. HALF fo children under 5 are STUNTED. 47% are underweight.

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Describe the Famines in Ethiopia.

Can't support growing pop. Aid came at end of 1984-85 famine, which killed 1 million+. Eratic behaviour of climate. TWO main rains, inflenced by sea-surface temp. One failed for two years before 2009 famine. 90% crops watered by rain. 720,000 orphans

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Solerebel Ethiopia - Describe this business.

Eco-ethical footwear. Began in '04, two aims: Use local artisan skills (sustainable), jobs to community of Zenabwork. From recycled materials sourced within 60 miles. Old tyres for soles. Cotton from local, organic growers. Leather - 40 mill. owners.

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How much more did workers get paid by Solerebel?

4x National Average.

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What happened between 1998 and 2000?

Ethiopian-Eritrean war. Hundreds of millions spent on war. Thousands of casualties.

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What happened in 1996?

Heavily indebted Poor Country (HIPC) launched. Ethiopia received full amount of debt relief.

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What has changed in Ethiopia?

School enrolment and health coverage improved - significant attention for gov. 67% reduction in Child mortiality since 1990. Pop. below poverty line reclined to 29% in 2010. Strong progress in agriculture and service sectors.

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What percentage of illiterate women use contraception in Ethiopia?

Less than 5%

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What is Ethiopia lacking?

Qualified teachers, educational materials and infrastructure

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SDG 1:Eradicate Poverty - Targets

By 2030 eradicate extreme poverety everywhere. Ensure everyone has equal rights and access to extended services.

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SDG 1: Eradicate Poverty - Progress

In 2015, 10% of world's workers below poverty line (28% in 2000). Almost all countries have child or maternity health programmes. 18000 children die globally from poverty-related causes. Only 28% of employed women are protected by maternity benefits

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Global Poverty

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