Germany 1890-1945 : Democracy and Dictatorship

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When did Germany become a unified country?
1871
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When did Wilhelm become Kaiser?
1888
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What powers did the Kaiser have? (3)
controlled army / in charge of foreign policy / could dismiss and appoint Chancellors
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What powers did the Chancellor have? (3)
led Bundesrat / appointed his own Ministers / put forward discussions at Bundesrat
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What powers did the Bundesrat have? (2)
discuss Government policies with Kaiser / proposed and approved Reichstag laws
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What powers did the Reichstag have? (2)
pass, reject or amend proposed laws / approve or deny Military funding
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How often could the Reichstag approve/deny Military funding?
every 5 years
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Why did 'Growth of Parliamentary Government' make it difficult for Kaiser? (1)
parties shut down Kaiser's proposed laws especially SPD
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Why did his want for 'Prussian Militarism' make it difficult for Kaiser? (1)
Reichstag wouldn't approve all Kaiser's proposed Military spending
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Why did 'Industrialisation' make it difficult for Kaiser? (3)
poorer living and working conditions / increased hate for foreigners / increased working-class politics interest so SPD grew
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Why did his want for 'Navy Laws' make it difficult for Kaiser? (2)
Reichstag wouldn't approve all spending / Army Generals thought Navy grew at expense of Army
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Why did 'Rise of Socialism' make it difficult for Kaiser? (1)
SPD often shut down his ideas
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What was Industry like in Germany in 1914? (3)
coal production rivalled Britain / iron and steel twice Britain / 1/3 world's electrical goods
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How much of the world's electrical goods did Germany produce by 1914?
1/3
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What percentage of people lived in Urban Areas by 1914?
60%
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How much of Germany worked in Agriculture in 1914?
1/3
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What was the problem with the decline of Agriculture? (1)
only 1/5 food import needs met
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What was the purpose of the Navy Laws? (4)
protect German Empire / increase Industry / make Germany world power / rival Royal Navy
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What was the Navy Law of 1898?
added 7 battleships, totalling 19
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What was the Navy Law of 1900?
doubled battleships to 38
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What was the Navy Law of 1908?
added 21 Dreadnoughts
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What was the Domestic importance of the Navy Laws? (3)
created jobs / created conflict between Kaiser and Reichstag / SPD's opposition painted them as unpatriotic
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How many Navy League members?
200,000
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Why was the Navy League so important? (3)
represented German greatness / members helped pass Reichstag laws / increased Nationalism
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What was the Social Reform in 1890?
introduced old-aged pensions
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What was the Social Reform in 1891? (3)
under 13s banned from working / women couldn't work >11hrs / businesses closed on Sundays
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What was the Social Reform in 1900?
industrial courts compulsory towns >20,000
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How many Germans were killed in the Battle of the Somme?
150,000
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How many died of starvation during and just after WW1?
763,000
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When did the Kaiser abdicate?
9th November 1918
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Why was the Kaiser forced to abdicate? (1)
Sailor's Mutiny at Kiel
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How did Industrial production change after WW1?
<1/3 pre-war levels
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How did average National Income change after WW1?
decreased by 2/3
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany? (5)
Guilt Clause / Arms Reduction / Reparations / German Land Loss / League of Nations
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How much was Germany ordered to pay in Reparations?
£6.6 billion
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When was the Ruhr invaded?
January 1923
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What happened during the Invasion of the Ruhr? (4)
Germany unable to pay reparations / French & Belgian troops invaded, took goods / Ruhr went on strike / invaders left
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How much of German Industry came from the Ruhr?
80%
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What were the negative effects of Hyperinflation? (3)
savings worthless / essentials unaffordable / people blamed Weimar Government
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What were the positive effects of Hyperinflation? (3)
loans easily paid off / farmers paid more / foreign visitors got more for money
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What were the strengths of the Weimar Constitution? (3)
proportional representation fairer / voting age reduced from 25 to 21 / President had to be elected
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What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution? (1)
proportional representation led to coalition parties, causing disputes
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Who were the Spartacists? (2)
left wing / Soviet backing
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Who were the leaders of the Spartacists? (2)
Rosa Luxemburg / Karl Liebknecht
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Who were the Freikorps? (3)
right wing / ex-soldiers who kept weapons / controlled by regular army
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How many Freikorps were there?
250,000 by March 1919
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When was the Spartacists' Revolt?
5th January 1919
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What happened during the Spartacists' Revolt?
Spartacists tried to take over newspapers and radio stations / Freikorps shut them down
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When was the Kapp Putsch?
13th March 1920
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What happened during the Kapp Putsch? (4)
Freikorps marched Berlin fearing unemployment / head of rebels, Wolfgang Kapp, fled / Government organised Trade Union strike / rebels fled the chaos
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When was the Munich Putsch?
9th November 1923
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What happened during the Munich Putsch? (3)
Hitler and supporters marched Munich demanding Hitler be President / met by State Police / Hitler fled and found hiding later then arrested
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When was Hitler arrested for the Munich Putsch?
11th November 1923
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How many people marched with Hitler during the Munich Putsch?
1000 SA + 2000 volunteers
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Why did Hitler have confidence his Munich Putsch would work? (2)
Mussolini's Fascists rise in power 1922 / people weakened from Hyperinflation
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How did the Munich Putsch benefit the Nazis? (2)
Hitler wrote 'Mein Kampf' in prison / showed Hitler he needed to change tactics
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How did Stresemann stop Hyperinflation? (1)
created new currency 'Rentenmark' with value tied to gold
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When was the Dawes Plan agreed?
1924
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What was the Dawes Plan? (1)
German reparations reduced to £50 million a year
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When was the Young Plan devised?
August 1929
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What was the Young Plan? (2)
reparations reduced to £2 billion / reparations extended to 1988
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Why were the Nazis opposed to the Young Plan? (1)
extended burden for future generations
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How was Industry during the Golden Years?
output double by 1928
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How was art culture during the Golden Years?
first Bauhaus exhibition had 15,000 visitors
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How many Berlin nightclubs during the Golden Years?
700
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When were the Locarno Treaties signed?
1st December 1925
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What was agreed in the Locarno Treaties? (3)
permanent Rhineland demilitarisation / respect ToV borders / settle disputes peacefully
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How did the Locarno Treaties help Germany? (3)
improved relations with France / increased Weimar Government popularity / boosted confidence in moderate parties
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How did weekly income change under the Nazis?
from 86 marks in 1932 to 109 marks in 1939
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

1888

Back

When did Wilhelm become Kaiser?

Card 3

Front

controlled army / in charge of foreign policy / could dismiss and appoint Chancellors

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

led Bundesrat / appointed his own Ministers / put forward discussions at Bundesrat

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

discuss Government policies with Kaiser / proposed and approved Reichstag laws

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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