German Economy

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How many marks were there in circulation in June 1914?
6300 million marks
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How many marks were there in circulation in December 1918?
33000 million marks
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Printing firms / presses at the end of the war?
150 printin firms with 2000 presses running day and night.
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How much did farm production drop by during the war?
20%
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How many children aged 2-6 were malnourished in one district of Berlin after the war?
90%
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How much did industrial input fall by the end of the war?
Almost 50%
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How much did the Government owe in 1918?
150 billion marks
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How much did the Government owe in 1914?
50 billion marks
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How much did a newspaper cost on 1 May 1922?
1 Mark
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How much did a newspaper cost on 1 September 1922?
100000 Marks
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How much did a newspaper cost on the 17 November 1923?
700 Billion Marks
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What were Notgeld?
Emergency money which were used by some towns and regions to replace the failing Marks.
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How many federal and regional government jobs were shed?
750000
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How many disabled veterans were on social welfare in 1920?
1537000
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How many non-disabled veterans were on social welfare in 1920?
1945000
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How many disabled veterans were on social welfare in 1924?
768000
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How many war widows were on social welfare in 1924?
420000
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How many parents of dead soldiers were on social welfare in 1924?
190000
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How many children of war veterans were on social welfare in 1924?
1020000
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How much of the population were on federal welfare payments in 1924?
10%
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What schemes were introduced by the Government to help soldiers get back into work?
Loans and retraining
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What was the Reich Pension Law?
It regulated pensions, bsing them on their job before the war, not their rank during it.
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When was the Reich Pension Law passed?
May 1920
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When was the Labour Exchange Law passed?
February 1922
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What did the Labour Exchange Law do?
It set up Govt offices to provide training and to helpl the unemployed.
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How were reparations paid for up until 1924?
"In Kind" - Coal, wood and railway carraiges for example.
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What jobs did women typically have?
Covering metal buttons with fabric, paid for by the 50.
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When was the 8 hour working day introduced?
1918
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What happened to the 8 hour working day duing hyper-inflation?
Went otu the window as employers and employees were happy for longer hours.
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What were war reparations set at in 1921?
£6.6 billion
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When did Germany fail to make a payment in full?
January 1923
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Who helped France march into the Ruhr in January 1923?
Belgium
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What was the policy of passive resistance?
Not paying to France, only accepting orders from Germany, and working slowly, striking and sabotge.
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What did France do in response to passive resistance?
Cut the Ruhr off from the rest of Germany. Took control of postal and telegraph services.
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What did the Emergency Decree of 10 August allow Stresemann to do?
Rule by decree and postpone Reichstag meetings.
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What decrees did the Government introduce to help the situation?
Control rents, wages and prices.
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What decree was introduced on the 17th of November 1923?
Banned the use of emergency money after November 22nd 1923.
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What decree was introduced on the 15th of October 1923?
The decree abolised the mark and introduced the Rentenmark. It also put a limit on how much money could be printed.
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Who oversaw the changes from the mark, to the rentenmark and then the Reichsmark?
Hjalmar Schacht
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When did Schacht become President of the Reichsbank?
December 1923
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When was the Reichsmark introduced?
August 1924
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What effect did the Rentenmark have?
Restored faith in the German currency, both at home and abroad.
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What was the 1918 Reich Settlement Law?
It made landowners sell some land to the Government.
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How did wealthy landowners attempt to block the selling?
Stringing out negotiations.
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How many workers were from the agricultural sector in the 1920s?
Between a third and a quarter of all workers.
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What did wealthy land owners do to benefit big farms?
Press for high grain subsidies.
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How many people were in the lowest tax band in 1913?
47%
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How many people were in the lowest tax band in 1925?
62%
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How many people were in the lowest tax band in 1928?
55%
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When did foreign trade return to the 1913 levels?
1926 at 10 billion marks
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How much higher were exports in 1929 compared to 1913?
34%
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What industries did Germany have which other countries desperatly needed?
Steel and chemicals
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By 1925, how much more was the chemical industry producing than in 1913?
1/3 more
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In 1930, how much more was the chemical industry producing than in 1913?
2/3 more
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In what year was there more bussinesses going bankrupt than in the previous 5 years combined?
1924
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When was IG Farben set up
1925
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What were cartels?
Businessess from the same industries getting together to either merge or manipulate prices.
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When was state arbitration introduced?
October 1923
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What controls did the Government have by introducing state arbitration?
Control over wages and working hours.
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Why did people with savings object to the Rentenmark?
Had such a low value against one gold mark.
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When did Stresemann call for the ending of passive resistance?
26th of September 1923
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When did negotiations for the Dawes Plan begin?
April 1924
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When did the Dawes Plan come into force?
1st of September 1924
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When was the Locarno Treaty signed?
1st of December 1925
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When did Germany join the League of Nations?
10th of September 1926
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When was the Kellog-Briand Pact signed?
27th of August 1928
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When did the Young Plan come into effect?
January 1930
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What did the Dawes plan do?
Restructured the debts to make payments more managable
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What did the Young plan do?
Restructred the debts
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When were war debts finally cancelled?
1932
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Why was foreign affairs so important for the economy?
Make Germany an acceptable foreign power, and so countries were happier to lend Germany money and make trade agreements.
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How many cases were taken to the arbitration boards between 1924 and 1929?
61000
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What happened in 1928 when industrialists in the Ruhr refused to accept a compromise ruling by the arbitration court?
Workers were locked out. Eventually they offered the workers a compromise themselves.
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Why were small farmers heavily disadvantged?
Struggled to pay interest on their loans, and some caes could not even pay their taxes.
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Why did the large amount of people in the lowest tax band disadvantge the Government?
They had to borrow money they could otherwise get from tax increases.
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How many people were unemployed in 1929?
1.6 million people
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What % of the population were unemployed in 1929?
4.5%
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Unemployment in 1921
1.8%
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Unemployment in 1924
4.9%
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Unemployment in 1925
3.4%
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Unemployment in 1926
10%
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Unemployment in 1927
6.2%
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Unemployment in 1929
8.5%
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Unemployment in 1930
14%
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Unemployment in 1931
22%
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Unemployment in 1932
30%
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Unemployment in 1933
26%
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How much did industrial production fall by between 1928 and 1932?
50%
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How much did real wages fall by between 1928 and 1932?
14%
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What policies did Bruning have?
Higher taxes and lower welfare spending.
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Why did President Hindenburg return to Government by decree in July 1930?
The Reichstag rejected his proposals, and he could not rule otherwise.
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What were the consequences of Bruning's policies?
Deflation, thereby avoiding devaluing the currency.
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What happened on July 1 1931?
Agreement to suspend the need for reperations for 1 year.
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What decree was Bruning forced to introduce in December 1931?
Wage cuts, rent cuts and tax rises.
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What policies did Von Papen introduce in his time in office?
Tax concessions and business subsidies for those that created new jobs.
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What was the Reich Commissioner?
A job to oversee public works to create employment.
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Whos idea was the Reich Commissioner?
Von Schleicher
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What was the budget of the Reich Commisioner?
500 Million Reichsmark
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How much did prices and exports fall by between 1928 and 1932?
50%
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How many people paid to just sleep in a bed in Berlin, with no other facilities in 1925?
44600
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What was the Economic Enabling Law?
Restructured unemployment benefits and set rates for employers contributions.
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What was Schacht's New Plan?
A plan to make trading treaties with other countries, such as Hungary and Yugoslavia, exchanging goods for goods, rather than paying for imports.
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When was the first Four-Year-Plan created?
1st of January 1933
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What was the main aim of the FFYP?
Autarky
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How did the definition of 'workforce' change?
Jews were taken out, and eventually women were as well.
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What was the Reichsarbetsdienst?
RAD were schemes for unemployed men and women of manual work. They were paid less than unemloyment pay, with basic food and accomindation.
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What were the autobahns?
Built often by the Government, they were mass infrastucture projects to attempt to lower unemployment.
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How many people were working on the autobahns maximum between Dec 1933 and Jan 1935?
84000
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How many trucks were bult between 1934 and 1936?
126000
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How many trucks built between 1934 and 1936 went to the army?
15700
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Who was the minister of agriculture?
Alfred Hugenburg
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What did the minister of agriculture to?
Increased import tariffs on agricultural produce, bannked banks from repossessing farms and mademargarine manufacturers use German butter.
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Who replaced Hugenburg as MoA in May 1933?
Richard Darre
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What did Darre set up?
Reich Food Estate (RNS), which regulated food production and distribution of farm produce, as well as setting prices and farm wages.
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How much could the RNS fine people?
100000 Reichmark for not conforming.
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How much of all farm produce in Germany was produced by German farms in 1928?
68%
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How much of all farm produce in Germany was produced by German farms in 1934?
80%
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What did the 1933 Law for the Protection fo Retail Trade do?
Stopped the building of new stores, and banned the expansion of existing ones.
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What did Nazi propoganda do towards big businesses?
Discouraged using department stores to help small businesses.
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How much less did some Dept stores make in 1934 compared to 1929?
80%
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How many days were lost ue to strikes in 1926?
1222 million days
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How many days were lost due to strikes in 1924?
36198 million days.
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Why did Hitler make the 1st of May an official holiday?
It was the day when many socialist workers' festivals took place.
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When were all unions merged?
6 May 1933
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What was Hitler's one union called?
German Labour Front (DAF)
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Why did people feel obliged to join the DAF.
It was difficult for non members to get work.
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Why did Schacht face a crisis in 1935 and 1936?
Countries such as Bulgaria began to demand cash for their oil.
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What food was in short supply by 1935?
Fats and meat.
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When was the Reich Trustees of Labour set up?
19 May 1933.
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What did the Reich Trustees of Labour do?
Regulated working conditions, usually siding with the employers.
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When was the RNS set up?
September 1933
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When was te second Four Year Plan introduced?
1936
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Who led the SFYP?
Hermann Goering.
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What departments did the SFYP have?
Raw material production, agricultural production, distribution, labour, prices and foreign exchange matters.
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What was rubber replaced with?
Buna
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How many tonnes of coal did it take to produce 1 tonne of synthetic fuel?
6 tonnes
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What target was set by the SFYP for fuel production?
13830 thousands of tonnes
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How much fuel was actualy produced by 1942?
6260 thousands of tonnes
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What target was set by the SFYP for buna production?
120 thousands of tonnes
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How much buna was actually produced by 1942?
96 thousands of tonnes
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What target was set by the SFYP for coal?
213000 thousands of tonnes
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What was the output of coal by 1942?
411977 thousands of tonnes
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When did Schacht resign?
1937
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Why did Schacht resign?
He disagreed with the SFYP, and his offices was now useless.
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What is a command economy?
The state, bot business or agriculture, decides what and how much to produce.
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What was the German Guns or Butter debate?
Nazi propganda wanted to re-educate Germans to convince them guns were more important than butter, so not to have as much.
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How much of Germany's agricultural needs were being imported by 1939?
17%
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How much of Germany's agricultural needs were being imported by 1934?
20%
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Between what years did Jam consumption treble?
1928 and 1938
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Why did big industrialists and manufacturers of consumer goods begin to resent Hitler by 1939?
The command economy meant they had less influence to set prices.
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Self sufficiency in bread grains 1928?
79%
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Self sufficiency in bread grains by 1939?
113%
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Self sufficiency in fats 1928?
44%
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Self sufficiency in fats 1939?
57%
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Self sufficiency in eggs 1928?
64%
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Self sufficiency in eggs 1939?
82%
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Real wages as a % of 1928 in 1939?
108%
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When was it declared that all doctors, nurses and midwives ahd to report any under 3s who had physical / mental disabilities?
18 August 1939
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When was the T4 Campaign created?
October 1939?
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What was the T4 Campaign?
Getting rid of undesirables.
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How many people died through the T4 Programme?
70000
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What did the NSV do in 1933?
Divided the needy into those who deserved help, and those that did not.
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How many NSV creches and kingergartens were there by 1938?
10800
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How many people volunteered for the NSV?
1 Million
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How many people entered the Volkswagen scheme by the end of 1939?
270000
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Why was the Volkswagen scheme a scam?
The Government never gave the car or the money back. Govt gained 110 million Reichsmark.
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How many months worth of supplies did the army want before they went to war, compared to how much they had?
Wanted 4 months :: Had 6 weeks.
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Who was made Minister of Armaments and Munitions in 1940?
Fritz Todt
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Why could Todt not carry out the aim of reorganising the industry?
He needed centralised control, and nobody would give him that power..
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Who was appointed Minister of Armaments in 1942?
Albert Speer
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What did Speer create in April 1942?
Central Planning Board
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What was the Central Planning Board responsible for?
Distributing war materials, building and extending factories, and organising transportation.
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In 1929, how much of the workforce was in the army?
1.45
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In 1933, how much of the workforce was in the army?
13%
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What did Speer do?
Mechanised production, streamlined the system.
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What was the monthly production of 200cm searchlights in 1942?
20
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What was the monthly prodution of 200cm searchlights in 1944?
150
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How much money was spent on the military in 1936?
10.8 million marks
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How much money was spent on the military in 1943?
112 million marks
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How many designs of planes were being produced before Speer took control?
425
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How many designs of planes were being produced after Speer took control?
5
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How many aircraft were produced in Germany in 1941?
11000
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How many aircraft were produced in Britain in 1941?
20000
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What was the % of increase in production in Germany between 1942 and 1944?
200%
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Which war-related industry had its output restricted?
Chemical industries
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How much did 1kg of sugar cost in the economy?
1RM, but there was none for sale.
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How much did 1kg of sugar cost in the black mrarket?
120 to 180 RM
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When was the Deitschmark introduced?
21 June 1948
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When was Ludwig Erhard appointed director of the economic administration?
March 1948
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What is a social market economy?
Free market economy with elements of social support for the poorest built in.
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When was all but the most essential rationing stopped?
June 1948
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Why did the end of rationing help stabilise the economy?
People bought supplies more carefully.
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What was unemployment in June 1948?
442000
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What was unemployment in January 1949?
937000
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What was unemployment in 1950?
1800000
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What was unemployment in 1955?
1000000
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What was car production in 1959 compared with 1950?
4.5 times greater.
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What was steel production in 1959 compared with 1950
2 times greater
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Who opposed the social market economy?
Industrialists, socialists, UK, cartels.
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What did Erhard bring in to appease the socialists?
Co-determination, allowing for workers' representatives on boards, and ensuring workers had adequate representation in wage negotiations.
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Wirtschaftswunder
The economic miracle
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Wirtschaftswunder - The Korean War
Selling chemicals, steel and electrical goods to countries as USA was now in a war economy.
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Wirtschaftswunder - NATO
1955 which allowed West Germany to re-arm and start producing war materials and sell them to USA.
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Wirtschaftswunder - New Investment
Investing in new, more efficient equipment. Reputation and exports grew. Businesses could then invest more.
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Wirtschaftswunder - Workers
Guest Workers. Once trained, a large amount of workers which kept wages low.
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How many workers came from the GDR to the FRG during the 1950s?
3.6 million
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How many cars were VW exporting by 1960 to the UK?
16000 Cars
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How many cars were sold by VW a year in the 1960s on average?
400000
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What was the price of exports in 1950?
8000 Million Marks
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What was the prices of exports in 1960?
48000 Million Marks
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What was the price of exports in 1970?
125000 Million Marks
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What was % of the workforce unemployed in 1950?
8%
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What was % of the workforce unemployed in 1960?
1%
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What was the % of the workforce unemployed in 1965?
0.5%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1951?
10%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1955?
12%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1963?
3%
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How much money did the Government spend on social welfare in 1965?
DM46.7 Million
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How much money did the Government spend on social welfare in 1970?
DM115.9 Million
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How many guest workers were there in 1966?
1.3 Million
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How many guest workers were there in 1968?
990000
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What did the 1967 Economic Stabilisation Law do?
Government could intervene to limit regional spending.
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What did Schiller do to stop the price rises?
Reintroduced cartels
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How much money did the FRG spend on oil in 1970?
DM10.8 Billion buying 140 million tonnes of oil.
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When did OPEC put up prices?
1973 and 1978.
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How much money did the FRG spend on oil in 1973?
DM32.8 Billion buying 140 million tonnes of oil.
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How much money did the FRG spend on oil in 1978?
DM49 Billion buying 140 million tonnes of oil.
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When was a ban put in on recruiting guest workers?
1975
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What did the Government do to try and cause a drop in oil consumption?
Car-Free Sundays and speed limits. Energy saving homes. Did not subsidies oil prices.
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What was unemployment in 1981?
1.7 Million
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What was the growth of the economy in 1967?
-0.2%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1969?
8.2%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1975?
-2.7%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1976?
5.8%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1982?
-1%
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What was the growth of the economy in 1984?
2.6%
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What did Chancellor Kohl do to try and turn the economy around?
Cutting spending on everything.
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What did Kohl lower the unemployment benefit to?
58
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What companies did the Government partially privatise?
Volkswagen and Lufthansa
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FRG exports and imports to and from other EEC countries doubled between what two years?
1958 and 1969
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When did the FRG join the IMF?
13 August 1952
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When did the FRG join (founding member) the ECSC?
July 1951
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When did the FRG become one of the founding members of the EEC?
March 1957
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How much housing had been bombed flat by 1945?
1/5th
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Total houses built in 1949?
222000
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Total houses built in 1954
572000
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Total houses built in 1966
605000
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How many homes had fridges by 1963?
63%
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How many houses had a TV by 1963?
42%
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How many houses had a fridge by 1985?
82%
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How many houses ad a tv by 1985?
82%
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By the 1980s, most people were recieving what?
State pension
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How much was spent on food as a % of income in 1957?
37%
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How much was spent on food as a % of income in 1985?
17%
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How much was spent on consumer goods as a % of income in 1957?
34%
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How much was spent on consumer godos as a % of income in 1985?
50%
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

33000 million marks

Back

How many marks were there in circulation in December 1918?

Card 3

Front

150 printin firms with 2000 presses running day and night.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

20%

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

90%

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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