Geography Revision Flashcards
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- Created by: Emma3546
- Created on: 16-01-17 18:19
What is natural decrease?
The DR is greater than the BR.
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What is natural change?
The difference between BR and the DR, given as a percentage.
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What is natural increase?
The BR is greater than the DR.
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What is zero growth?
A population that is in balance. The BR is equal to the DR.
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What is GNP?
The money a country has.
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Give the names of each stage in the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1- high fluctuating Stage 2- early expanding Stage 3- late expanding Stage 4- low fluctuating Stage 5- fluctuating declining
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Name reasons why the BR of a country may be high
-lack of contraception -lack of family planning -high infant mortality -to look after parents in old age
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Name reasons why the BR of a country may be low
-emancipation of women -pensions -low infant mortality -contraception and family planning
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Name reasons why the DR of a country may be high
-famine -poor health care -poor sanitation
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Name reasons why the DR of a country may be low
-better quality medical care -improved sanitation -improvements in food production
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What happens in stage 4?
The total population begins to stabalise and the BR and DR fluctuate.
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What is a population pyramid?
A type of bar graph used to show the age and gender structure of a country or city.
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What age are the young dependants? What age are the elderly dependants?
0-14 and over the age of 65
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Who are in the reproductive age category?
15-44
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What did China's one child policy try to achieve?
Reduce the BR and decrease the population.
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What were some of the benefits of the policy?
-economically beneficial as women followed careers -reduced the natural increase -family planning offered and women's health care was improved
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What were some of the problems of the policy?
-chinese children have a reputation of being spoilt (little Emporers) -infanticide -imbalance between genders -human rights abused -forced abortions
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What were the rules of the policy?
-must not marry until late 20s -only one successful pregnancy -must be sterilised after or have future abortions
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What are some of the consequences of the policy?
-a fine large enough to bankrupt families -didn't have free education or healthcare for second child -socially discriminated against
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What is transmigration?
Moving people from a densley populated area to a sparsely populated area.
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What were some economic effects of transmigration in Indonesia?
-settlements were often poorly planned an didn't provide much money -re-settlement was expensive
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What were some evironmental effects of transmigration in Indonesia?
-accelerating the rate of deforestation -poor use of land lead to soil erosion
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What were some social effects of transmigration in Indonesia?
-cultural/ religious clashes -traditional land rights were ignored
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Name some issues affecting Youthful populations (China).
-famine -not enough housing -unsustainable -education system under pressure -lack of employment
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Name some issues affecting Ageing populations (UK).
-more money needed for state pensions -economic costs (care homes) -medical care -job vacancies -decline in population
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What is an ageing population?
Where there is a higher proportion of elderly people over the age of 50 years old.
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Give some solutions to an ageing population.
-abortion made illegal -raise retirement age -influence for people to pay their own private pensions
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Why are more developed countries ageing?
-improved health care -better sanitation -can provide services -can afford state pensions
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How has France tried to increase its BR?
They have introduced a Pro-natalist Policy to encourage 3 child families.
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Why was the BR falling?
-emancipation of women -conception/ family planning -pension system -desire for materialistic possessions -high quality medical care
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Name ways France tried to encourage people to have 3 children.
-3 years paid maternity leave -30% fare reduction -tax benefits -subsiding holidays -100% mortage and preferential treatment
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Name benefits of having an ageing population.
-spend money on tourism -many do volunteer work -some still work and pay taxes -they support their families -provide medical jobs when they become ill
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What is a host country?
The country where a migrant settles.
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What is the country of origin?
The country from which a migrant comes from.
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Give examples of push factors for migration
-natural disasters -high unemployment -political or social unrest -housing shortages -poor education oppertunties
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Give examples of pull factors for migration
-job prospects -better and free health care -higher wages -attractive environments/ better climate
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What are formal and informal jobs?
Formal jobs are ones you pay tax for. Informal jobs are where you don't pay tax and get cash in hand.
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What is a migrant?
Someone who moves to another place with the intention on staying there for over a year.
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What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who believes that their lives are at risk if they remain in their home coutnry and seek to settle in a safer country.
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What is an economic migrant?
Someone who seeks to improve their standard of living and more voluntarily.
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What is a refugee?
Someone who has settled in another country after they have left a country thy previously felt unsafe in.
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What is urbanisation?
The growth of towns and cities.
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What is rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to cities.
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What is a mega city?
A city with more than 10 million inhabitants.
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What is conurbation?
A large urban area where towns and cities have merged together.
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What is the difference between towns and cities?
A city is bigger than a town and traditionally a city has a cathedral.
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Name some rural push factors.
-new construction (physically having to migrate) -transport (hard to travel to shops) -weather (e.g. flooding) -jobs (manuel labour)
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Name some city pull factors.
-sense of community -better quality housing -more varietey of jobs and higher wages -better education -more services (e.g. hospitals)
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What is located in the Central Buisness District?
The zone with shops and offices, the centre of a city.
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What is located in the Inner City?
The zone nearest to the CBD, with factories and terraced houses.
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Why do we build construction upwards in the city centre?
Because land in the city centre is expensive as it is high in demand as its the most accessible land.
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What is a brownfield site?
Land that has been built on before and can be cleared and reused.
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What is a greenfield site?
Land that has not been used before and is usually located in the countryside or in the suburbs.
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Name advantages of brownfield sites.
-stops urban sprawl -close to transport -saves resources (bricks) -lots of services there already (water, gas pipes)
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Name disadvantages of brownfield sites.
-hard to build around existing networks -expensive to clean and prepare
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Name advantages of greenfield sites.
-they don't need cleaning or to be prepared -no restrictions of existing road networks -land is cheaper and theres larger building space
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Name disadvantages of greenfield sites.
-urban sprawl -green belt land -effects ecosystems
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What is green belt land?
Land that the council have to give permission to build on and it is hard to get planning permission on this land.
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What are the problems with transport in Birmingham?
-road rage (SO) -accidents (SO, EC) -congestion (EN) -pollution (EN) -limited parking + expensive (EC)
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Name some strategies to solve transport problems.
-reduce bus fares -more road lanes -alternative routes
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Why do people from similar ethinicities live near each other?
-people like to be around people with the same beliefs and speak the same language -people often live close to places of importance (e.g. places of worship)
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Why has the inner city declined (Aston)?
-Globalisation of industries -higher unemployment -many of the jobs are unskilled or semi-skilled -poor quality housing -high crime rates
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Name advantages of Merry Hill.
-10,000 free parking spaces -very well connected -wide varietey of shops -people feel safe (CCTV, security guards) -lifts, escalators
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Name problems of squatter settlements.
-lack of clean water + electricity -high infant mortality -poor sanitation -poor quality housing (corrugated iron) -overcrowded (spread od disease) -crime
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Give advantages and disadvantages of large scale housing developments.
Advantages- provides water + electricity, better quality of life, builds upward so uses up less land, more safe environment Disadvantages- effects community spirit, destroys slums +belongings, takes money to maintain them so they fall into disrepair
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Give advantages and disadvantages of intermediate technology.
Advantages- provides jobs, people learn skills, uses sustainable resources Disadvantages- could be dangerous as people aren't educated
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is natural change?
Back
The difference between BR and the DR, given as a percentage.
Card 3
Front
What is natural increase?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is zero growth?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is GNP?
Back
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