Geography key terms

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evaporation
water turning into water vapour
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evapotranspiration
the sum of evaporation from the Earth's surface together with the transpiration of plants
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groundwater flow
movement of water underground through rocks
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infiltration
seeping of water into soil
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interception
collection of water by vegetation
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precipitation
moisture that falls from the atmosphere
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surface runoff
all water flowing on the earth's surface
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sustainable
capable of existing in the long term
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through flow
movement of water through soil
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transpiration
loss of moisture from plants
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water table
the upper level of underground water
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bedload
larger particles moved along a river bed
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erosion
wearing away and removal of rocks by the action of water, wind or ice
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freeze thaw
the continued freezing and thawing of moisture in rocks whcih eventually causes them to break
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weathering
breaking up of rocks by the action of weather, plants, animals and chemical processes
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hydro electricity
electricity produced by flowing water
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lateral erosion
erosion of the sides of a valley
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vertical erosion
downward erosion of a river bed
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delta
where river breaks into many distributaries before it reaches the sea
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estuary
tidal part of a river mouth
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flood plain
flat area next to a river that is liable to flood
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meander
large bend in a river
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reclaimed land
land that has been drained so it can be used for developemnt
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discharge
the volume of water in a river that passes a point in a given time - measured in cumecs
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impermeable
a surface that does not allow water to pass through it
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permeable
a surface that allows water to pass through it
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irrigation
artificial watering of the land
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monsoon
annual period of heavy rain in asia
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storm surge
extreme storm waves created by strong winds and low pressure
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hard engineering
use of concrete barriers to control water
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geology
the nature and structure of rocks
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marine erosion
wearing away of rock by the action of the sea
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sub aeriel processes
processes active on the face and top of cliffs
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backwash
movement of water down a beach by the action of gravity
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destructive waves
waves that erode coastlines
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swash
the force of breaking waves moving up a beach
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consolidated rock
rock with a strong structure that is hard to break down
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dredging
taking sediment from rivers or sea beds
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constructive waves
waves that build up beach material to create landforms
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groyne
wooden structure built across a beach
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longshore drift
movement of material along a coastline by the action of waves
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prevailing wind
most frequent wind direction
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nature reserve
area set aside to preserve plants and animals
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salt marsh
an area of tidal mudflats, partially flooded at high tide
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silt
very fine sediment deposited by flowing water
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mangroves
evergreen trees and shrubs growing in tropical coastal areas, whose roots trap sediment and aid beach development
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tsunami
tidal wave caused by underwater earthquake
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beach replenishment
building up the beach by pumping sand or shingle onto it
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amenity value
used for recreational and leisure activities
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managed retreat
allowing the sea to flood lowland areas
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drainage basin
area of land drained by a river
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source
where a river begins
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tributary
a smaller river flows into a larger one
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watershed
boundary between two drainage basins
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exponential growth
a rate of increase that quickly doubles
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overpopulated
the idea that there are too many people in an area for its resources to sustain
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birth rate
the number of children born in a year for every 1000 people
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death rate
the number of deaths a year for every 1000 people in a population
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fertility rate
the average number of children each woman gives birth to
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replacement rate
the number of children that need to be born to replace the present population
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demography
the study of population
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pandemic
a disease that affects a very large area
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literacy rate
the percentage of people who have basic reading skills
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shanty town
areas of housing that people build themselves
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Newly Industrialised Countries
countries that have moved rapidly from having limited economic development to having many new industries producing goods
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grant
money that the government loans to a business
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asylum
to claim safety in another country
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informal sector
jobs that are often without regular hours and payment
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slum
poor crowded housing in a city
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squatters
people who illegally occupy land and build housing here
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commuter range
the distance people will travel to get to work
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conurbanisation
large urban area formed when cities merge as they grow towards each other
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residential
an area with houses
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sink estate
housing area with poor living conditions
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CBD
main shopping and business centre of a city
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brownfield site
an area where land has already been built on
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greenfield site
land on which there has been no previous building
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carbon neutral
not adding to the net amount of co2 in the atmosphere
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the sum of evaporation from the Earth's surface together with the transpiration of plants

Back

evapotranspiration

Card 3

Front

movement of water underground through rocks

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

seeping of water into soil

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

collection of water by vegetation

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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