general studies

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Maggy's quote in 1987
"you know, there is no such thing as society"
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what is society?
The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
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what is the science steps
observations,hypothesis(possible explanations),Assess these explanations,select one-making a prediction,design and carry out the tests.
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What are the benefits of science?
electric cars,renewable energy,carbon dioxide capture systems,artificial leaves
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name the scientific advances?
in food production, vaccinations and public health.
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what is a secular society?
A secular society is separation from the state for religous institutions
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what is humanity?
humanity refers to having or showing compassion towards others, and it is linked to morality and ethics.
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what is cosmology?
the scientific study of the origins of the universe and galaxies.
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what are the two commonly held beliefs?
that the earth is at the centre if the universe and that the earthly universe has a boundary and heaven lies beyond it.
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what was copernicus's challenge?
the world was said to be heliocentric, meaning the sun circled the earth.This was good for the religious, as it puts humanity at the centre of the universe.However Copernicus posed a heliocentric theory, which states that the sun was at the centre.
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what is evolution?
the process of change over time in the inherited characteristics of organisms.
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what is natural selection?
the process by which organisms adapt to their environment through changes in their gene make up.According to Darwin said that this is a major driving force of evolution.
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bad due to science?
nuclear weapons are created, due to radioactive elements.Also tense relationships were created between such as russia ,ukraine etc.Rogue behaviour was caused.
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good due to science?
study of radioactivity leads to discovery of nuclear power.
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what is induction all about?
many philosophers regard the forming of scientific explanations as a logical process called induction.Indiction is used to reason the specific to the broader.
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why should the government pay for scientific research?
high levels of risk in research , so people may not want to invest shareholders' money.this can create economic growth also fot the country and it is taxpayers money that is being used.
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why should the government not pay for scientific research?
we have got loads of debt, so it isn't really affordable fot the government.Tac payers don't have choice what payed for, and this is risky.
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what is the first medical advance un last ten years?
April 2003 scientists announced they had completed a draft sequencing of human genome or all genes that make up our dna.Gene sequencing has helped researchers to identify single genes that causes disease and can also create better treatments.
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what is the second medical advance in the last 10 years?
stem cells can be programmed to any other cell in the body.They have huge potential for curing diseases and reparing damaged tissues.in 2006 scientists showed that adult cells -even skin cells can be turned back into stem cells
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what is the third medical advance in the last 10 years?
treat hiv used to regimen of medications.Atripla changed that by combining three antiretrovirall drugs into one daily pill.FDA approved Atripla in 2006 in may of this year.This combines four HIV medications into one dose.
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what is the fourth medical advance in the last 10 years?
Targeted cancer therapies are drugs that usually work in one or two ways-they can either interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking such cells involved in tumour growth.OR they can identify and kill the deadly cancer cells.
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what is a scientific prediction?
viennese hospital-1840's,one ward were dying by doctors and another by midwives were surviving.he realised that the doctors were touching corpses in their anatomy lessons,which the midwives didn't do.he suggested that scientists wash their hand after
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who was Karl popper?
Karl popper said that a theory could only be considered scientific if it was open to falsification.this is where we deliberately try to find circumstances where the theory could fail and we test it under those conditions to then see what happens.
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what is occam's razor?
william occam stated that it is the explanation with the fewest assumptions, the simplest that should be used for theorires.
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what can't science answer?
those relating to the meaning of life,existence of Gid, whether humans or other animals have souls,and moral questions, such as why don't we make everyone donate their blood to charities?
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what is the 5th medical advance in the past 10 years?
laparoscopic surgery,minimally invasisve surgery,noraml for many operations, such as gallbladder removal
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what can laparoscopic surgery be used for?
hernia repair,gallbladder removal ,appendoctomies.They go up your anus and mouth.
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what is the 6th medical advance in the last 10 years?
2003,only 75 cities in US with laws that prohibited smoking in workplaces,restaurants and bars.
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What do smoke free laws help to do though?
improve indoor air quality,reduces second hand smoke exposure
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What is the 7th medical advance in the klast 10 years?
FDA approved first human papilomevirus called gardasil, in 2006 ,the injection is delivered in three injections over 6 months and protects us against four HPV strains which can trigger cervical cancer and gentital warts.
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what is the 8th medical advance in last 10 years?
face transplants, first partial face transplant in Amiens,2005.5 years later(2010), the first full face transplant was on a man who severely damaged his face in an accident, giving him a new nose,lips , teeth and cheekbones in 24 hourse surgery.
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who is connie culp?
connie culp is a woman (annabelle),first person to have transplant face in america(usa).this was in 2008.
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what is the 9th medical advance in the lsat 10 years?
fewer periods, as birth control packages supply hormone pills for 21 days and placebo pills fo 7.This brings a period once a month.But in 2003, the FDA approved seasonable ,new kind of birth control enabling women to have full periods only four yr.
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what did the FDA do in 2007?
in 2007 the FDA approved Lybrel , an oral contraceptive designed to stop a womans period indefinitely.All of these drugs allow women to have more choice over their own freedom.
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what is the 10th medical advance in the last 10 years?
bionic limbs,Aimmee Coplelands hands,leg and foot got amputated after a flesh eating bacteria.You could use the ipad app to activate it.
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why should we consider bombing syria?
we have a duty to help the french.we have to retailateor they will continue forever.we have to use force to defeat them.
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why shouldnt we bomb syria?
evil/inhumane,innocent people get hurt as a result.A large loss of civilians, humans get used as shields.
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what do we use animals for?
as food,milked,hunted or armed,help us to hunt,carry out useful work,communication,provide useful material,companions ro pets,entertainmenr, surrogits ,cosmetics,transplants etc.
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what are the name of the animal welfare groups and organisations, RSPCA and PDSA in the uk, whose objectives are to reduce pain and suffering caused to animals, both domestic and agricultural.
RSPCA AND PDSA IN THE UK.
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what do such groups campaign for?
humane treatment of animals.they campaign for humane treatment of animals.They are strict laws governing animal welfare in the uk but none of them acknowledges animal rights as a legal issue.
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what is utilitarianism?
the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Bentham was involved in this.
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what is moral relativism?
moral relativism is the idea that moral principles have no objective standard.Relativism is different opinions, not one authority but in fact they are truths
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what does simon blackburn say about relativism?
"different opinions,no one authority and as many truths as there are people or societies or cultures advancing different ways of doing things.
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what is deontological ethics?
an approach to ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of the cosequences of those actions-rule based ethics.
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what did immanuel kant say/argue?
argued that its always wrong to lie.
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what did wd Ross say
moral relativism-the fact that its okay to lie in certain situations because it is based on the action.
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what was darwins theory of evolution
basic idea behind theory of evolution is that all the different species have evolved from a simple life.the simple life formed more than 3 billion years ago.This theory shows how species evolve through a process if natural selection.
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what is the big bang theory?
the theory states that about 13.7 billion years ago all the matter in the universe was concentrated into a singleincredibly tiny point .this then began to enlarge rapidly in a hot explosion
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what is the copernican heliocentric theory ?
the copernican revolution was the shift from the ptolemaic model of the heavens which described cosmos as having earth stationary at the centre of the universe, to the helicentric model with the sun as the centre of the solar system.
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whats heliocentric?
sun at the centre of the universe
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whats geocentric?
earth is at the centre of the universe
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what was the response to the helicentric theory(sun at the centre)?
less comfortable now because every view ultimately changed.This is because the geocentric theory put humans at the centre of the universe,because this linked to the fact of the planets etc.
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is science and religion compatible?
It could be argued that Science explain the ‘how’ but not the ‘why’ (E.g. The Big Bang Theory)
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is religion and science compatible
There are some contradictions but perhaps the Bible is not to be interpreted literally (Adam and Eve v Creationism)
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what is the role of ict?
sms messaging-assuma makandoli-unicef and unfpa and who in Rwanda
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what is the role of ict?
computers-asandad-disabled 17 yr old man and it was in Tunisia.
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what are GM crops?
plants used in agriculture ,DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques.
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what are the examples of GM crops?
resistance of certain pests,diseases,environmental conditions,reduction of spoilage, or resistance to chemical treatments.
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what are the challenges in science?
understanding the basis of some kinds of inherited diseases.Possibility of new treatments for genetic disorders.Ethical issues about information to be given to parents -genetic counselling.
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other challenges involved in science?
possibility of GM,useful modifications of crop plants to increase yields,use poorer soils and defeat pests.Concerns about effects of crops on humans and the environment and natural ecosystems.
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what's an embryonic stem cell?
Embryonic stem cells research poses a moral dilemma.It forces us to choose between two moral principles.
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what are the two moral principles?
-duty to prevent or alleviate the pain/suffering or duty to respect the value of human life.
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arguments for this view of embryo having full moral status?
continuous process-e.g-an infant is a human being but at an infant stage, so a embryo will still become a person eventually.
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arguments against this view of embryo having a full moral status?
has no psychological and emotional feelings at all.
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what is the cut off point at 14 days?
can no longer split to form twins,has a central nervous system now, so it's sort of like a real person.
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the embryo has no moral status at all-for this view?
fertilized human eggs are just part of other peoples bodies until they have developed enough to survive independently.It has no beliefs ,desires,expectations,aims ,purposes to be harmed
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the embryo has no moral status-against?
to take an embryonic stem cell out of an early embryo,we're preventing it from developing in it's ordinary way.
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can scientific advances halt global warming?
1890's-loads of horse manure on the roads/streets-sanitation crisis-then the car was created which made the roads much safer to travel on because of the fact that there wasn't as much disease then so the planet was cleaner, then the cars bad.
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what is criminal law?
body of law that relates to crime.Threatening ,harmful or otherwise endangering to the property ,health ,safety and moral welfare of people.
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what is civil law?
legal system originating in Europe-contrasted with common law
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what is common law?
gives great precedential weight to common law, so that consistent principles applied to similar facts yield similar outcomes.
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what are the human rights?
inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of human family.
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what is the laws?
laws are created in society for protection of values of society and defence
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what is a tallen?
a tallen acts as a pair of scissors and cuts and fix broken gene in the cell.
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what is the example of the chinese toddler?
18 passers by,it was the 19th passer by that it was her that actually picked the little girl up, she was called Mrs Chen.
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advances in food production and distribution?
technology produced a variety of techniques-chemical fertilsers, pesticides and more sophisticated machinery.
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advance in population growth?
conquest of disease--so much population makes the disease be a huge problem,because there are more people there
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advance in public health?
people have concerns about surviving daily living,as to meet basic needs,food , water and housing.
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what is the significance of water concerning population growth?
less than 50% of population had access to safe drinking water before 1990.By 1990 , access to safe drinking water had increased by 75%.
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what is embryonic stem cell?
grown in labs from cells found in early embryo.
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what is a tissue stem cell?
found in our bodies all our lives.
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induced pluripotent stem cells?
reprogrammed-made from adult stem cells using lab techniques.
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what are the four components of the climate change?
Alliance will have four components:
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how did ict work in musanze?
sends sms to others ,assuma Mukandoli who is giving birth for the firsrt time,in Northern Rwanda .There is a joint initiative between unicef,unfpa and who.She was given a phone so that she had a way to reach someone when she was in labour etc.
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Hod did ict work in Assanad?
adel,17(male) uses a computer at Asanad which if for children with disabilities in Tunisia.He knows now that he can find a job and get some sort of education.
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how did ict work in ugandas?
Young Ugandas gather around to use unicefs unique innovation,which is a solar powered drum as bosco, which is a youth centre
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how did ict work in Zgambo?
A health worker at the nameebo, to access results of early infants.The volunteers are trained to use sms technology known as remind mi-remind mother and also for infants.
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how did ict work in samali?
somali refugee boy , who recently arrived with his family using a digitally fingerprint system.
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what is leapfrog?-concerning technology?
leapfrogging refers to the adoption of advanced or state of the art technology where immediate prior technology hasn't yet been adopted.
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what do we mean when we say technological inheritence?
most advances are based on the labours of previous generations-as you need electricity to run computers and reliable communications for modern health care.
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what is the adoption of the older technoloiges?
varies widely among countried at apparently similar stages of development.Soviet central planners loved to build electricity lines everywhere,resulting in ex communist countries enjoying near universal access to electricity
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what does ict act as a catalyst for?
ict is also a catalyst for globalisation as it facilitated information sharing across national borders.Globalisation is the procedd by which the world in becoming increasingly interco
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what are the problems of the resulting globalisation?
free trade can harm developing economies,environmental costs,labour drain,less cultural diversity.
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what is darwin's theory of evolution?
basic idea behind theory is that all different species have evolved from simple life forms.These simple life forms developed more than 3 billion years ago.These species then evolve through the process of natural selection.
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what is the big bang theory?
13.7 billion years ago all the matter in the universe was concentrates into a single incredibly tiny point.This the began enlarge rapidly in the hot explosions,which is the big bang and this is still expanding today.
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what is the copernican heliocentric theory?
the shift from the ptolmaic model of heavens,which described the cosmos as having earth stationary at the centre of the universe, to the helicoentric model with the sun at the centre of the solar system.
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quote of big bang?
It could be argued that Science explain the ‘how’ but not the ‘why’ (E.g. The Big Bang Theory)
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another quote of the big bang?
There are some contradictions but perhaps the Bible is not to be interpreted literally (Adam and Eve v Creationism)
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what is the human use of animals?
As food,milker,hunted or farmed,to help us to hunt,cerry out useful work,communication,provide useful materials-fur,clothing and footwear,carry out useful work,companions or pets(lotty),entertainment,surrogates for humans in testing,organs transplant
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what do welfare groups think about animal testing.
There are many animal welfare groups and organisations, such as the RSPCA and PDSA in the UK, whose objectives are to reduce pain and suffering caused to animals, both domestic and agricultural.
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what do these welfare groups campaign for?
They campaign for the humane treatment of animals.
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who actually pays for science research?
As a society, we reap the rewards from this science in the form of technological innovations and advanced knowledge, but we also help pay for it. You indirectly support science everyday through taxes you pay, products and services you purchase
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do we have enough money to pay for such research?
In a perfect world, money wouldn't matter — all scientific studies (regardless of funding source) would be completely objective. But of course, in the real world, funding may introduce biases — for example, when the backer has a stake in the study's
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what are the specific sources of funding in the UK?
-charities and also industires and private companies.
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what does george osbourne think about scientific research?
Publicly funded science in the UK will have to get by with another period of fixed spending.
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how much have we been spenidng on such resaerch?
• Day-to-day science spend to remain at £4.6bn
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what does osbourne want to invest in?
Mr Osborne says he wants to invest in the next phase of the Sabre project.
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Card 2

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The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

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what is society?

Card 3

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observations,hypothesis(possible explanations),Assess these explanations,select one-making a prediction,design and carry out the tests.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

electric cars,renewable energy,carbon dioxide capture systems,artificial leaves

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

in food production, vaccinations and public health.

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