gender ; influence of culture and the media

CULTURE AND GENDER ROLES

DFGDF

1 of 85

cross-cultural research is noted for its valuable contribution to what debate in GENDER?

nature-nurture

2 of 85

for instance what may we conclude if particular gender-role appears consistent across cultures?

innate biological difference

3 of 85

if we find gender-role bejaviours to be cultrally specific ehe might assume?

shared norms and socialisation influence

4 of 85

- cultural differences

dfgdf

5 of 85

one of the earliest cross-cultural gender role studies was carreid out by who?

margaret mead

6 of 85

of tribal groups on waht island?

new guinea

7 of 85

what were the three tribes?

arapesh / mundugomor / tchambuli

8 of 85

arapesh were what?

gentle and responsive

9 of 85

similar to western stereotype of?

feminiity

10 of 85

and mundugumor similar to western stereotype of masculinity how?

aggressive and hostile

11 of 85

which gender in tchambuli were dominant and organised village life?

women

12 of 85

and men were?

passive and decorative

13 of 85

what does this suggest about sex and gender?

may not be direct biological relationship

14 of 85

and instead gender roles are?

culturall determined

15 of 85

in later work mead conceded what about herself?

underestimated universal nature of many gendertypical behaviours

16 of 85

however still went on to argue?

extent to which innate behaviours are expressed are laregely result of cultural norms

17 of 85

cultural similarities

dfgd

18 of 85

buss looked at how many countries across all continents?

37

19 of 85

an found consistent patterns in?

mate preference

20 of 85

in all cultures women looked for men who could offer?

wealth and resources

21 of 85

while men looked for?

youth and physical attractiveness

22 of 85

also munroe and munroe found what about division of labour in most societies?

organised along gender lines

23 of 85

EVALUATION

DGD

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:( criticisms of mead

dfgdf

25 of 85

research criticised of observer bias wy?

not separating own opinions from description fo samoan like

26 of 85

and for making sweeping generalisations based on?

relatively short period of sutyd

27 of 85

freeman was highly critical and did what decades after the og inv?

conducted a follow-up study

28 of 85

he argued mead's findings were flawed wh?

she was misled by some pps

29 of 85

and preconceptions influenced what?

reading of events

30 of 85

but freeman's account has also been challenged why?

supporting own theoretical viewpt

31 of 85

:( imposed etic

dgdf

32 of 85

cross0cultural research tupically undertaken by?

western researchers

33 of 85

taking who to be object of stud?

indigenous pops

34 of 85

danger that researchers with western dev theories + methods do what?

impose own cultural interests and understanding on ppl stuying

35 of 85

what is an imposed eitc?

ide western ways doing research is universal

36 of 85

berry advocates inclusion of what in rsrch ream?

@ least one local

37 of 85

as a way of guarding against?

possibility

38 of 85

which cross-cultural researcher actually did this?

buss

39 of 85

and what was his research thing?

the looking for mates one

40 of 85

:( nature or nurture

dgdfg

41 of 85

cross cultural research can provide insight into what?

diff cultural practices impacting gender-role behaviour

42 of 85

but doesn't do what?

solve ature nurture

43 of 85

in reality its practically and theoretically impossible to do wat?

separate two influences on dev gender roles

44 of 85

as soon as children born what starts?

socialisation and gender-role expectations

45 of 85

its likely that what influences dev of gender role?

complex and constant interaction between nature and nurture

46 of 85

MEDIA AND GENDER ROLES

DGD

47 of 85

media provide what for children?

role models

48 of 85

children likely to select role models that do what?

are same sex and engage in gender-appropriate behavioir

49 of 85

- rigid stereotypes

dfgdf

50 of 85

evidence that media do provide what?

v clear gender stereotupes

51 of 85

furnham and farragher did a stidy on what?

tv adverts

52 of 85

and found men more likley show in?

autonomous professional roles

53 of 85

and women more often seen?

familial roles in domestic setting

54 of 85

this suggests what about media?

may play role in reinforcing widespread social stereotupes of gender

55 of 85

INFORMATION GIVING

DFGDF

56 of 85

also evidence children who have more exposure to popular media tend to displya what?

more gender-tupical views in behav / attitudes

57 of 85

media doesn't ust confirm gender-typical behaviour but also?

give info to males and females in terms of likely success of adopting behavioirs

58 of 85

seeing others perform gender-appropriate behaviours increases child's belief that?

they're capabe of carrying out such behavioirs in the future

59 of 85

with what bandura called?

self-efficacy

60 of 85

EVALUATION

FGHGFD

61 of 85

:( correlation > causation

ggd

62 of 85

difficult to establish what with emdia studies?

cause

63 of 85

may just be that media output does what?

reflects prevailing socil norms

64 of 85

but it may also be that the media causes norms by doing what?

depicting men / women in certain ways

65 of 85

vast majority of children exposed to media regularly so what aren't always available?

control groups for comparison

66 of 85

this comparison would make what easier?

direction establish

67 of 85

what study though is good in this sense?

notel study

68 of 85

- the notel study

dfgd

69 of 85

williams et al went to the BC town and nicknamed it notel why?

no media

70 of 85

researchers carried out extensive surveys of town to assess what?

behaviour and attitudes prior to intro tv

71 of 85

also collected similar data from other two neighbouring towns called?

unitel / multitel

72 of 85

why unitel?

access to 1 tv channel

73 of 85

and multitel?

several

74 of 85

after how long well all three surveyed again?

2yrs

75 of 85

williams et al notice what amon gchildren of three towns?

gender-stereotypical attitudes

76 of 85

@ start of study which two towns displayed fewer sextyped views / behaviour?

notel / unitel

77 of 85

at end evidence of stereotypes increased for children of?

notel

78 of 85

therefore this sutdy provides good suport for?

media influences

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:( counter-stereotypes

dfgd

80 of 85

in recent years there have been many examples of what in media?

counter-stereotypes

81 of 85

which challenge what?

traditional masculinity femininity nitions

82 of 85

pingree found what about gender stereotyping?

reduced when kids shown tv adverts of non-stereotypical roles for women

83 of 85

but also found whose stereotypes became stronger when exposed to non-traditional models?

pre-adolescent boys

84 of 85

this backlash may be explained how?

boys desire to maintain view that ran counter to adults

85 of 85

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gender ; influence of culture and the media

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