Psychology - Paper 3 - Gender - Culture and media

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What is culture?
The rules, customs, morals and ways of interacting that bind together members of a society or some other collection of people.
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How is culture represented in our society?
Media - TV, books, shows etc.
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What have content analyses shown about how males and females are represented in the media?
Men shown as independent, in control and pursuing interesting occupations. Women are shown as dependent, unambitious and emotional.
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How is culture explained to children?
Direct reinforcement of gender stereotypical behaviours from parents, peers, teachers etc.
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How is the influence of media explained?
Through SLT and modelling.
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What is the supporting evidence for culture?
Serbin et al - examined teacher responses to problem behaviour in 15 pre-school classes. In observational study they recorded frequencies of disruptive behaviour and the ways that the teachers responded to these behaviours.
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What did they find?
Teachers were more likely to respond when boys were aggressive, teachers were more likely to respond positively to dependent behaviour in girls and boys were more likely to be rewarded for participating appropriately in class.
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What does this suggest?
That the influence of culture is showing that boys are expected to be more aggressive than girls and teachers are more likely to be positive towards girls.
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What is one issue of this research?
May lack external validity as Serbin only examined 15 teachers which isn't alot compared to how many teachers there are.
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What is the supporting evidence for the media?
Wober - investigated influence of TV on gender role by looking at children's perceptions of male and female jobs. 334 children between 5-12 asked about male and female jobs of TV characters aswell as own aspirations.
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What did they find?
Children's own career aspirations showed clear links to the gender stereotyped careers on TV.
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What does this tell us more about?
The way in which children develop a gender identity than studies which simply look at the content of TV shows because it links children's aspirations to the shows.
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What is the supporting evidence that supports cross cultural studies of gender roles?
Margaret Mead - studied 3 social groups in Papua New Guinea.
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What were the 3 social groups called that she studied?
Arapesh, Mundugumor and Tchambuli.
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What were the social groups like in Arapesh?
Both sexes were gentle and cooperative - typical of 'feminine' western gender roles.
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What were the social groups like in Mundugumor?
Both sexes were aggressive and had emotional traits of 'masculine' western gender roles.
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What were the social groups like in Tchambuli?
Reversal of Western gender roles.
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What does this suggest?
Social factors are the most important as if gender roles were developed biologically there would be no difference between the social groups.
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What is one limitation of this research?
Cultural bias - in different cultures the actions in their culture may mean a different thing than what they mean in a Western culture so we may be reading signs incorrectly.
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What was found when her work was later reviewed?
The found that in all 3 cultures, men were more aggressive which shows it may be partly down to biological factors.
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What's another piece of supporting evidence of cultural gender roles?
India's 3rd gender - The Hijra.
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Contradictory evidence?
David Reimer
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Otherr explanations?
Chromosomes and hormones
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Practical applications?
Awareness of stereotypical representations allows the chance to break them down and challenge them e.g. let toys be toys campaign.
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Issues and debates?
Nature-nurture.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How is culture represented in our society?

Back

Media - TV, books, shows etc.

Card 3

Front

What have content analyses shown about how males and females are represented in the media?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How is culture explained to children?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is the influence of media explained?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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