GCSE PE

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What are the five main functions of the skeleton?
Shape, support, protection, movement and blood cell production
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Tendons
connect muscle to bone
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Ligaments
attach bone to bone
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Flat bones
Protection
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Short bones
support
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Irregular bones
protection and muscle attachment
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Joint
where two or more bones meet
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immovable (fixed) joint
cranium
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slightly movable joints
vertabral column
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movable joints
hip, elbow, knee
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cartilage
cushion between joints
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what percentage of bones in the body are synovial joints?
90%
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how many bones in the: cervical
7
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how many bones in the: thoracic
12
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how many bones in the: Lumbar
5
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how many bones in the: sacrum
5, fused
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how many bones in the: coccyx
4, fused
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What are the two types of muscle?
Voluntary and involuntary
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Biceps
flexion at the elbow
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Triceps
extension at the elbow
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pectoralis major
adduction and flexion (horizontally) at the shoulder
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Hip flexors
flexion of the leg at the hip
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gluteus maximus
extension of the leg at the hip
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deltoid
flexion, extension, abduction or circumduction at the shoulder
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latissimus dorsi
extension, adduction or rotation at the shoulder
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hamstring
flexion at the knee
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quadriceps
extension at the knee
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gastrocnemius
plantar-flexion at the ankle
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tibialis anterior
dorsi-flexion at the ankle
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external obliques
rotation or flexion at the waist
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what are antagonistic muscles?
pairs of muscles that work together - one relaxes as the other contracts and vice versa
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Antagonistic pair - knee
hamstrings & quadriceps
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Antagonistic pair - elbow
biceps & tricep
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Antagonistic pair - Hip
hip flexors & gluteus maximus
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Antagonistic pair - Ankle
gastrocnemius & tibialis anterior
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slow twitch - type 1
suited to low intensity aerobic work
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fast twitch - type 11A
used in aerobic work, endurance
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fast twitch - type 11X
used in anaerobic work, fatigue easy
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what are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport of substances, temperature control, clotting of wounds
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Arteries
carry blood away from the heart. All arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries. Their thick, muscular walls allow them to carry blood flowing at high pressure
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veins
carry blood towards the heart. all veins carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein. they carry blood at a low pressure, so they have thinner walls and less muscle than arteries
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capillaries
carry blood through the body to exchange
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What is the trachea supported by?
cartilage - 15 to 20 rings
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what is the function of alveoli?
to perform gas exchange and so oxygen can get into the bloodstream
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tidal volume
the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath
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respiratory rate
how many breaths you take per minute
46 of 91
minute volume
the volume of air you breathe n in one minute
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vital capacity
the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can
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residual volume
the amount of air left in your lungs after you've breathed out as hard as you can
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aerobic respiration eq.
glucose + oxygen → (energy) carbon dioxide + water
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anaerobic respiration eq.
glucose → (energy) lactic acid
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functions of the circulatory system
transport, controlling the temperature and the clotting of wounds
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what is an average blood pressure
120/80
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what is the systolic blood pressure
when your heart rests
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what is the diastolic blood pressure
when your heart beats
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why are arteries thicker?
because they hold a high pressure of blood
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why are veins thinner than arteries?
they hold a lower pressure of blood
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what valve is on the left-side of the heart?
tricuspid valve
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what valve is on the right-side of the heart?
bicuspid valve
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what divides the two sides of the heart?
the septum
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what is the function of the valve
to stop the backflow of blood
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how do you work out the maximum heart rate?
220 - age
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stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
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cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
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what is the formula for cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
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what are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular and the skeletal system?
muscle hypertrophy, increased bone density, stronger ligaments & tendons
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what are the long term effects of exercise on the cardiac and respiratory system?
Bigger/stronger heart, larger lung capacity, lower blood pressure, more capillaries in the muscles, more red blood cells
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1,2,3
F,L,E
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What is the lever arm?
the bone of body part being moved about a point
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what is the effort?
the force applied by the muscles to the lever arm
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what is the fulcrum?
the joint where the lever arm pivots
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what is the load?
the resistance against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm
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1st class
the load and effort are at opposite ends of the lever. the fulcrum is in the middle
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2nd class
the fulcrum and effort are at opposite ends of the lever. the load is in the middle
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3rd class
the fulcrum and load are at opposite ends of the lever. the effort is in the middle
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1st class example
tilting your head back
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2nd class example
standing up on your toes
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3rd class example
flexion at the elbow
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what are the most common type of levers in the body?
3rd class
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what is mechanical advantage?
if the distance from the fulcrum to the effort is greater than the distance from the fulcrum to the load, the lever has a mechanical advantage
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which levers always have a mechanical advantage
2nd class
81 of 91
which levers always have a mechanical disadvantage
3rd class
82 of 91
what sides does the sagittal plane divide?
the left and right body sides
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what sides does the transverse plane divide?
the top and the bottom of the body
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what sides does the frontal plane divide?
the front to the back
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what sides does the frontal axis divide?
the left to the right
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what sides does the vertical axis divide?
the top to the bottom
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what sides does the sagittal axis divide?
to the front to the back
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what plane and axis can perform extension/flexion?
sagittal plane and frontal axis
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what plane and axis can perform abduction/adduction
frontal plane and sagittal axis
90 of 91
what plane and axis can perform rotation?
transverse plane and vertical axis
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

connect muscle to bone

Back

Tendons

Card 3

Front

attach bone to bone

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Protection

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

support

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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