Food management
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- Created by: Iona112
- Created on: 28-12-21 10:50
Global patterns of food consumption
Canada, the USA & Europe consume the mot food with an average daily intake of over 3400 calories
most countries consume the recommended amount 2000-2400 calories
some parts of the world its below this level
most countries consume the recommended amount 2000-2400 calories
some parts of the world its below this level
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why is global food consumption increasing
- increasing levels of development & higher standards of living mean people can afford more food
- growing populations
- greater availability of food due to improved transport & storage
- growing populations
- greater availability of food due to improved transport & storage
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Global pattern of of food supply
global supply of food is uneven
countries with vast Human Resources like China & India have high agricultural outputs
- USA & UK have high outputs due to intensive farming methods & high capitol investment
-countries in Sub saharan Africa have low outputs
countries with vast Human Resources like China & India have high agricultural outputs
- USA & UK have high outputs due to intensive farming methods & high capitol investment
-countries in Sub saharan Africa have low outputs
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food security
means having access to enough safe affordable nutrition food to maintain a healthy and active life
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food surplus
countries which produce more food than is needed by their population
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how climate affects food supply
affects productivity and the types of food that can be grown
- regions experiencing extreme temps and rainfall struggle to produce food
- regions experiencing extreme temps and rainfall struggle to produce food
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how climate change affects food supply
affects global farming farming patterns and productivity
weeds and pests will thrive in warmer conditions
weeds and pests will thrive in warmer conditions
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how technology affects food supply
without technology food yields tend to remain low
unskilled use of technology like poor use of irrigation can lead to water-logging and salinisation
In HICs mechanisation & agribusiness give high levels of productivity
unskilled use of technology like poor use of irrigation can lead to water-logging and salinisation
In HICs mechanisation & agribusiness give high levels of productivity
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how Rising global temperature affects food supply
causes pests and diseases to spread North & South from the tropics
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how lack of water affects food supply
lack of water affects many areas that suffer food scarcity especially in sub-Saharan Africa
these areas are more likely to become drier & more decertified in the future as temperature increases
these areas are more likely to become drier & more decertified in the future as temperature increases
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how conflicts affects food supply
can lead to the destruction of crops and livestock, food insecurity & even famine and death
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how poverty affects food supply
the poorest people can't afford any form of technology, irrigation or fertilisers
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food insecurity
happens when a country can't supply enough food to feed its population
can have significant economic, social and environmental impacts
can have significant economic, social and environmental impacts
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famine
a widespread shortage of food often causing malnutrition, starvation and death
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famine in Somalia
- 2010-12
- UN estimates that 258000 people died during the famine
- In Southern Somalia 18% of the children died of lack of food or disease as that they were to weak to fight
- at the height of the crises 30000 people were dying each month
- UN estimates that 258000 people died during the famine
- In Southern Somalia 18% of the children died of lack of food or disease as that they were to weak to fight
- at the height of the crises 30000 people were dying each month
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Causes of the famine in Somalia
- result of 2 successive seasons of low rainfall, poor harvest & the death of livestock
- The southern & central Somalia were the worst hit, they were under the control of the al-Shaba militant group
- they blocked aid from humanitarian agencies
- The southern & central Somalia were the worst hit, they were under the control of the al-Shaba militant group
- they blocked aid from humanitarian agencies
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Undernutrition
-lack of a balanced diet & deficiency in minerals and vitamins
- the Food & Agricultural organisation estimates 805 million people suffered from undernutrition between 2012-14
-causes about 300000 deaths per year & contributes to 1/2 of all child deaths
- the Food & Agricultural organisation estimates 805 million people suffered from undernutrition between 2012-14
-causes about 300000 deaths per year & contributes to 1/2 of all child deaths
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soil erosion
involves the removal of fertile top soil layers by wind and water
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soil erosion causes
- overgrazing reduces vegetation, leaving the soil exposed
- cultivation of marginal land to increase food production leads to infertility
- deforestation removes protective covering & increases surface run off
- growing crops uses up nutrients, infertil
- cultivation of marginal land to increase food production leads to infertility
- deforestation removes protective covering & increases surface run off
- growing crops uses up nutrients, infertil
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rising prices of food
food prices are rising across the world
mainly due to increased prices fro fertilisers, animal feed, food storage, processing & transportation
LICs & the poorest people in NEEs are hit hardest by it
mainly due to increased prices fro fertilisers, animal feed, food storage, processing & transportation
LICs & the poorest people in NEEs are hit hardest by it
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social unrest
some incidents of social unrest are called food riots as they correspond with high rises in the price of food
the food price index increased dramatically in 2008 & in 2011, both these spikes in food prices coincide with outbreaks of social unrest
the food price index increased dramatically in 2008 & in 2011, both these spikes in food prices coincide with outbreaks of social unrest
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how can food supply be increased
globally there is sufficient food to feed the world's population
food supply is unevenly distributed & food consumption varies greatly
traditional methods & modern irrigation are being used to increase food production
food supply is unevenly distributed & food consumption varies greatly
traditional methods & modern irrigation are being used to increase food production
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irrigation
its the artificial watering of land
most methods involve the extraction of water from rivers or underground aquifers
irrigation is needed where there are water shortages during growing season
most methods involve the extraction of water from rivers or underground aquifers
irrigation is needed where there are water shortages during growing season
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aeroponics
plants are sprayed with fine mist water containing plant nutrients
excess water can be collected and re-used
enables small-scale farmers to increase yields & lower production crops
excess water can be collected and re-used
enables small-scale farmers to increase yields & lower production crops
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hydroponics
plants are grown in gravel in mineral rich water
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positives to aeroponics & hydroponics
speed up plant growth enabling seasonal produce to be grown throughout the year & reduce the use of chemicals
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negatives to aeroponics & hydroponics
some think foods grown this way don't taste as good & the cost for heating & lighting can be high
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the 'new' green revolution
focuses of sustainability and community
in 2006 the Indian gov began a 2nd green revolution using techniques such as
- water harvesting
- soil conservation
- irrigation
- improving seed & livestock quality using science and technology
in 2006 the Indian gov began a 2nd green revolution using techniques such as
- water harvesting
- soil conservation
- irrigation
- improving seed & livestock quality using science and technology
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Biotechnology
uses living organisms to make or modify products or processes
in farming this includes the development of genetically modified crops (GM)
in farming this includes the development of genetically modified crops (GM)
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advantages to biotechnology
-produce higher yields
- use fewer chemicals
- reduce C02 emission
- in the Philippines GM maize has given a 24% increase in yield
- use fewer chemicals
- reduce C02 emission
- in the Philippines GM maize has given a 24% increase in yield
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negatives to biotechnology
in the UK there is opposition to GM crops due to the possible effects on the environment & human health
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Appropriate technology
using skills or materials that are cheap & easily available to increase output without putting people out of work.
Often involves small-scale water harvesting equipment, irrigation or faming techniques
appropriate for people living in poorer countries
Often involves small-scale water harvesting equipment, irrigation or faming techniques
appropriate for people living in poorer countries
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Source of the Indus River
- high in the Tibetan Plateau
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where is the Indus River
- flows roughly north to south through the length of Pakistan to reach the Arabians sea
- covers about 1 mill km & includes parts of India, China & Afghanistan
- covers about 1 mill km & includes parts of India, China & Afghanistan
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Why is the Indus River important
important water source for the 2 NEEs India & Pakistan
Indus water Treaty 1960 gave India control of Eastern rivers & Pakistan control of the Indus
the mountain rivers fed by heavy rain & snowmelt supply water used to irrigate the drier agricultural land
Indus water Treaty 1960 gave India control of Eastern rivers & Pakistan control of the Indus
the mountain rivers fed by heavy rain & snowmelt supply water used to irrigate the drier agricultural land
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the Indus Basin Irrigations System (IBIS)
- largest continuous irrigation scheme in world
- consists of 3 large dams & over 100 smaller dams that regulate water flow
- 12 link canals enable water to be transferred between rivers
- over 64000 km of smaller canals district water across the country
- consists of 3 large dams & over 100 smaller dams that regulate water flow
- 12 link canals enable water to be transferred between rivers
- over 64000 km of smaller canals district water across the country
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advantages of the Indus Basin Irrigation System
improves food security & makes 40% more land available for cultivation
over 14 mill ha of land is not irrigated
irrigation increased crop yields: wheat 36%, rice 39% & fruit 150%
HEP is generated by main dams
Diets improved as greater range of food
over 14 mill ha of land is not irrigated
irrigation increased crop yields: wheat 36%, rice 39% & fruit 150%
HEP is generated by main dams
Diets improved as greater range of food
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disadvantages of the Indus Basin Irrigation System
- some farmers take unfair shares of water, depriving others down stream
- poor irrigation techniques mean water is wasted & can causes salinisation
-population growth will increase demand in future
- high costs to maintain
- high evaporation in summer
- poor irrigation techniques mean water is wasted & can causes salinisation
-population growth will increase demand in future
- high costs to maintain
- high evaporation in summer
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what is sustainable food supply
ensures that fertile soil, water & environmental resources are available for future generations
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organic farming
- the growing of crops or rearing of livestock without the hose of chemicals
- production & labour costs may be higher than in other forms of farming
- many choose to pay higher prices for organic produce
- production & labour costs may be higher than in other forms of farming
- many choose to pay higher prices for organic produce
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permaculture
- a system of agricultural and social design principles based upon or directly using patterns and features observed in natural environments
- a system of food production which follows the patterns & features of natural ecosystems
- aims to be sustainable,
- a system of food production which follows the patterns & features of natural ecosystems
- aims to be sustainable,
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what does permaculture involve
includes harvesting rainwater, composting waste & re-designing gardens to include a wide variety of plants & trees which provide a range of wildlife habitats
includes organic farming, growing and buying local food and eating seasonal food.
includes organic farming, growing and buying local food and eating seasonal food.
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permaculture practices
- organic gardening
- use of crop rotation
- keeping animals like sheep and pigs and bees
- managing woodland
- using natural predators such as ladybirds to control aphids, instead of chemical pesticides.
- use of crop rotation
- keeping animals like sheep and pigs and bees
- managing woodland
- using natural predators such as ladybirds to control aphids, instead of chemical pesticides.
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urban farming
the growing of fruits, herbs and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing waste.
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why is urban farming becoming more popular
- a greater choice of fresh foods are available for a healthier diet
- new jobs are created in deprived urban areas
brightens up urban environments
- attracts wildlife such as birds & butterflies
- social benefits from communities working together
- new jobs are created in deprived urban areas
brightens up urban environments
- attracts wildlife such as birds & butterflies
- social benefits from communities working together
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commercial fish catching
increasing demand for food & technological improvements has resulted in greater catches of fish
commercial trawlers use nets to catch all fish, these can damage marine ecosystems & breeding grounds & is unsustainable
commercial trawlers use nets to catch all fish, these can damage marine ecosystems & breeding grounds & is unsustainable
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intensive fish farming
almost 90% of the worlds fisheries are fully or over-exploited
intensive fish farming ( salmon, trout & prawns) using chemicals has boomed in recent years
ecosystems can be harmed & diseases spread to wild fish populations
intensive fish farming ( salmon, trout & prawns) using chemicals has boomed in recent years
ecosystems can be harmed & diseases spread to wild fish populations
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sustainable fishing
involves setting catch limits ( quotas) & monitoring fish breeding & practices.
The EU sets standards as part of its common fishery policy, with limits on fish catches
public awareness is increasing & sales of fish from sustainable sources have increased
The EU sets standards as part of its common fishery policy, with limits on fish catches
public awareness is increasing & sales of fish from sustainable sources have increased
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intensive livestock production
can involve unsustainable practices
- large amounts of energy used for indoor rearing
- chemicals used to maximise production
- huge amounts of waste need to be removed & safely disposed without polluting environment
- high conc of animals damage soil
- large amounts of energy used for indoor rearing
- chemicals used to maximise production
- huge amounts of waste need to be removed & safely disposed without polluting environment
- high conc of animals damage soil
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organic farming practices
- GM crops are banned
- wildlife is encouraged as a natural pest control
- crop rotation used to keep soil fertile& reduce pests & diseases
- cover is grown to maintain nitrogen in soil
- crops grown in soil that has been chemical-free for 5 years
- wildlife is encouraged as a natural pest control
- crop rotation used to keep soil fertile& reduce pests & diseases
- cover is grown to maintain nitrogen in soil
- crops grown in soil that has been chemical-free for 5 years
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sustainable meat production
- involves small-scale livestock farms using free-range or organic methods
- stocking levels are low & there is minimal impact on the environment
- prices may be higher in the shops but quality & the animal welfare standards are higher
- stocking levels are low & there is minimal impact on the environment
- prices may be higher in the shops but quality & the animal welfare standards are higher
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The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative
- the Michigan urban farming initiative in the USA aims to address problems of urban decay, poor diet & food insecurity in Detroit, Michigan
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The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative
what are its practices
what are its practices
- Urban communities are encouraged to work together to turn wasteland into productive farmland, providing jobs & easier access to healthy food
- a community resource centre & demo farm have been set up & over 150 garden beds have been created
- a community resource centre & demo farm have been set up & over 150 garden beds have been created
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seasonal food consumption
- with better storage & faster transport around the world it is now possible to eat every type of food throughout the year
- local food sourcing is more sustainable, it reduces food miles & our carbon footprint
- local food sourcing is more sustainable, it reduces food miles & our carbon footprint
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how much food is wasted every year
- around 32% of all food produced is lost or wasted each year, most in richer countries
- almost 1/2 is fruit & vegetables as they have to be kept fresh & stored in cool conditions with careful packaging & transportation
- almost 1/2 is fruit & vegetables as they have to be kept fresh & stored in cool conditions with careful packaging & transportation
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reducing food loss & waste
by halting the amount of food waste, the gap between food supply & demand could be reduced by 22% by 2050
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ways to reduce food waste by storage
- improved food storage & distribution using refrigerated containers & climate controlled warehouses
- processing surplus food to increase shelf life
- the use of cooling systems where there is no refrigeration
- processing surplus food to increase shelf life
- the use of cooling systems where there is no refrigeration
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ways to reduce food waste by packaging
- clearer food labelling such as 'best before' & 'use by'
- using sealed plastic bags to make fresh food last longer
- more sensible approach to using food past its sell by date
- using sealed plastic bags to make fresh food last longer
- more sensible approach to using food past its sell by date
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why should we eat seasonal produce
- reduces the energy needed to grow & transport food, & reduces CO2 emissions
- gives support to the local economy
- food thats been transported a long way can be more expensive
-locally sourced food often tastes better & is likely more nutritious
- gives support to the local economy
- food thats been transported a long way can be more expensive
-locally sourced food often tastes better & is likely more nutritious
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Makueni county
- Makueni county in eastern Kenya is 200km south east of Nairobi
- it has the population of 885000 with most living in small isolated rural communities
- the average annual rainfall is just 500 mm
- it has the population of 885000 with most living in small isolated rural communities
- the average annual rainfall is just 500 mm
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what food is grown in Makueni
main crops are
maize, cassava, sorghum, millet, beans & sweet potatoes
- the area has rich volcanic soils which are high in nutrients
- low & unreliable rainfall affects agricultural output with frequent crop failures
maize, cassava, sorghum, millet, beans & sweet potatoes
- the area has rich volcanic soils which are high in nutrients
- low & unreliable rainfall affects agricultural output with frequent crop failures
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The Makueni food & water security programme
In April 2014 the charity 'Just a Drop' together with the African Sand Dam Foundation provided direct help to 2 small villages (population 800) & to Kanyenyoni primary school (463 pupils)
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what the Makueni food & water security programme includes to improve water security
- improves access to clean, safe water by building sand dams for each village
- rainwater harvesting on the school roof
- rainwater harvesting on the school roof
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what the Makueni food & water security programme includes to improve farming & food security
- training programme to support local farmings
- growing trees to reduce soil erosion, increase biodiversity & provide medicinal products
- increasing food security by providing a reliable source of water for crops & keeping livestock
- growing trees to reduce soil erosion, increase biodiversity & provide medicinal products
- increasing food security by providing a reliable source of water for crops & keeping livestock
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how to the sand banks help water supply
- store water in the ground, filtering & cleaning the rainwater as it soaks into the soil
- with final operation & maintenance costs sand dams provide a cost effective & sustainable way to provide a water supply in rural areas
- with final operation & maintenance costs sand dams provide a cost effective & sustainable way to provide a water supply in rural areas
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how has the Makueni food & water security programme been successful
- crop yields & food security have increased
- water-borne diseases have been reduced
- less time fetching water, more time is available for work or education
- the school now has a safe & Clean water supply
- water-borne diseases have been reduced
- less time fetching water, more time is available for work or education
- the school now has a safe & Clean water supply
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
why is global food consumption increasing
Back
- increasing levels of development & higher standards of living mean people can afford more food
- growing populations
- greater availability of food due to improved transport & storage
- growing populations
- greater availability of food due to improved transport & storage
Card 3
Front
Global pattern of of food supply
Back
Card 4
Front
food security
Back
Card 5
Front
food surplus
Back
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