F322 Chemistry Module One Definitions (all)

These are all of the definitions for the first module of F322 (Unit 2) AS-Level Chemistry on OCR :)

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  • Created by: Lottie
  • Created on: 08-05-13 10:01
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only
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Saturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only (C-C)
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
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Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
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Functional Group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
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Homologous Series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
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Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula: Cn H(2n+2)
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Nomenclature
A system of naming compounds
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Alkyl Group
An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; any alkyl group is often shown as 'R'
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General Formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series, e.g. for alkanes the general formula is Cn H(2n+2)
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Displayed Formula
Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
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Structural Formula
Shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g. Propane = CH3CH2CH3
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Skeletal Formula
A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space
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E/Z Isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
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Cis/Trans Isomerism
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen group on each C of a C=C bond: the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on each C on the same side; the trans (E) isomer has the H atom on different sides of each C atom
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Homolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
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Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
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Heterolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both bonded electrons going to one of the carbons forming a cation (+ ion) and an anion (- ion)
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Nucleophile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where is donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Electrophile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Addition Reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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Elimination Reaction
The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to an unsaturated molecule
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Fractional Distillation
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column
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Cracking
The breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes
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Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
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Radical Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms
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Mechanism
A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
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Initiation
The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation
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Propagation
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction
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Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule
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Pi-bond
The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals
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Electrophilic Addition
A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Carbocation
An organic ion in which a carbon atom is positively charged
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Curly Arrow
A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond
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Polymer
A long molecular chain built up of monomer units
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Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
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Addition Polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer)
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Repeat Unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol 'n'
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Biodegradable Material
A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Back

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only (C-C)

Card 3

Front

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Alicyclic Hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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