F222 - 2.1.1.4 - cancer 3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating ? Human BiologyASOCR Created by: hayley taylorCreated on: 25-11-12 13:34 what is a tumor? a mass of abnormal cells 1 of 29 What is a benign tumor? it only grows in one place and does not spread to others 2 of 29 How is a benign tumor usually removed? surgery 3 of 29 is a benign tumor likely to come back? no 4 of 29 One example of a benign tumor? moles 5 of 29 How can a benign tumor be harmful? if it presses on nerves or blood vessels 6 of 29 Why are malignant tumors more harmful that benign tumors? because the cells from the tumor break off and spread to other parts of the body 7 of 29 How do the cancerous cells move around to the other bodys? lymph or blood systems 8 of 29 What is the technical term for cancerous cells moving to other parts of the body? metastasis 9 of 29 what are secondary tumors called? metastases 10 of 29 What causes cells to turn cancerous? carcinogens 11 of 29 Does a cancer cell divide by mitosis or meiosis? mitosis 12 of 29 What stops a cell from dividing too often? proto-oncogenes 13 of 29 How do proto-oncogenes work? they carry a genetic code for a receptor protein in the cell membrane 14 of 29 what happens when the receptor protein which the proto-oncogene made binds with the specific growth factor? the genes needed for DNA replication are switched on 15 of 29 how else do proto-oncogenes work? carry the genetic code for a growth factor 16 of 29 What do we call changes to DNA? mutations 17 of 29 What does a mutation to the oncogene lead to? uncontrolled cell division 18 of 29 What gene codes for proteins that stop the cell cycle? tumour suppressor genes 19 of 29 What do tumor suppressor genes cause the cell to do? go through apoptosis 20 of 29 Name a tumour suppressor gene? p53 21 of 29 What happens if the p53 gene is mutates? cells with damaged DNA are not detected and are allowed to carry on dividing passing on their mutations 22 of 29 what factors increase the rate of mutation? carcinogens 23 of 29 name two carcinogens? some chemicals in cigarette smoke and ultraviolet light 24 of 29 What cells do ultraviolet light affect? skin cells 25 of 29 what gene is affected by ultraviolet light? p53 26 of 29 What carcinogen does cigarette smoke contain? benzopyrene 27 of 29 What cells are affected by cigarette smoke? cells in the lining of the respiratory tract 28 of 29 What happens to benzopyrene in the cells of the repiratory tract? gets converted into another chemical which binds to p53 and mutates it 29 of 29
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