Evolution of Mentalising

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What is the definition of mentalising?
To predict and explain behaviour by invoking abstract concepts like mind, desire, think and remember
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What is the first associated ability?
Imagination
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What is the second ability?
Communication (Including deception)
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What is the third ability?
Social coordination (Coordinating one's behaviour with the behaviour of other individuals is a fundamental feature of everyday social interaction)
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What is the fourth ability?
Following gaze (Verbal communication, an idea of what people are saying by seeing what they are looking at, if someone is looking at something, they might be thinking about it)
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What is the five ability?
Understanding self (Understand yourself, to distinguish your mind from another person's mind)
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Why would humans have a theory of mind?
Natural selection works at the level of the individual, this could be avoid saying things that are annoying/provocative to other people, finding food that someone already knows where it is, this would give a priveledged status in society
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What are the individual differences and psychopathology?
Gender, Autism, aspergers
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What is autism?
Continuum, men could be placed on the bottom of the autism continuum, which would explain why women have a better theory of mind than men, nevertheless, many cases of autism in women might not be diagnosed
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History of Autism
It is not a new condition but it has been around for a long time
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What would we assume?
People carry out actions to satisfy desires. They execute the actions on the supposition that their beliefs are true
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What is the unexpected transfer test?
While Maxi is out playing, his mum takes the chocolate from the cupboard and grates some of it into a cake, and places it into the fridge? Where will Maxi look for his chocolate? Where did mum put his chocolate?
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What will children who lack a theory of mind answer?
They will say that Maxi will look in the fridge, they will not understand that Maxi will look where he originally placed his chocolate, he has a false belief
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What is the deceptive box test?
A child is shown a tube of smarties, they are asked what they think is in the tube? They will say smarties. They are shown there are pencils in the tube.
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What would happen if the child was asked what would their brother or sister think is in the tube of smarties?
If they have a ToM, they would answer smarties, if not they would answer pencils
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What experiment did Butterworth set to explore?
Gaze Direction
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What was the experiment?
By 18 months, infants are highly proficient in tracking their mother's direction gaze
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What do eyes give information about?
Additional to what a person a saying
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What is the method of the experiment?
The mother is instructed to wait until she has eye contact with the baby, then shift eyes to any point in the room, to see if the babies eye contact would follow the mothers gaze
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What experiment Baldwin do?
Language development:Infants pick up language
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What is the method of Baldwin (1994)
A child was playing with a toy and an adult said it is a wug, the infant turned looked at the eyes of the adult, and then followed the gaze to the other toy
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What happened when the experimenter asked the child to pass the wug?
They passed the toy they did not play with and instead passed the one that the adult was looking at
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What is the understand the mind experiment?
Mum puts bags of material, one in the cupboard and one in the cupboard, John mixes the bags, mum asks the child to get a bag from the drawer, the child will say that mum in fact wants the one the cupboard because John mixed up the bags
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Povinelli and Eddy (1996)
Chimps follow a gaze
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What development of self knowledge?
Becoming aware that you are an agent of your own action, gender identity, shift from physical to psychological
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What is mirror self reflection?
Becoming aware that you are an agent of your own action, how do you know the individual in the mirror is you?
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Povinelli et al. 1996
Is there an important difference between seeing a reflection of yourself and seeing a video recording of yourself?
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When does mirror self reflection develop in children?
18 months
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When does mirror self reflection develop in chimps?
8 years
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When is it evident?
some primate species
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What is the first stage development?
Gender identification at three years: can decalre whether they are a boy or a girl
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What is the second stage of development?
Gender permanence at 6 years: Can judge that gender is stable and enduring
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What are the four concepts of gender identity?
Gender concept, learning gender appropriate behaviours and stereotypes, identifying with parents, developing gender preference
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Rosenberg (1967) changes in human development?
Say 10 things about yourself in answer to the question, 'Who am i?'
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What did children age 10 years focus on?
Their physical qualities. Adolescents are more likely to mention aspects of their relationships with others, their character and their inner feelings
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if i asked you and your mother how good you were, and you said one thing and she said another, who would be right?
70% of 10 year olds said their mother would be right, 60% of 15 year olds said they would be right
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What is the interior category of self knowledge?
Who knows best what your secrets are? Who knows best what games Tommy likes? Who knows best what you want to be when you grow up?, when beth cries, who knows best what is wrong? who knows best what your favourite food is?
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What is exterior category of self knowledge?
Who knows best how good you are at sums? Who knows best how well beth can sit still? who knows best how fast you can run? who knows best how hard tommy works?
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What do Americans tend to talk about?
Inner and enduring traits that transcend context and time period
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What do Japanese tend to talk about?
Japanese may give a myriad of answers supplying different details for different contexts. For example, I am serious at work but fun loving at home
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What is external locus of identity?
Meaning identifyinf one's self based on factors that are external: physical attributes, wealth, possessions, careers, fame
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What is internal locus of identity?
Looking into ones' self and identifying the true value within
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What is the first associated ability?

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Card 3

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What is the second ability?

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Card 4

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What is the third ability?

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Card 5

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What is the fourth ability?

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