before 3 show delayed/abnormal functioning in social communication and social orientation. E.g. differences in eye contact, no/unusual gestures, different facial expressions. Restrictive/repetitive behaviour
1 of 19
changes to diagnostic criteria
no aspergers syndrome now - now autism without lang impairment. No childhood disintegrative/pervasive disorder
2 of 19
Deficits in social communication+interaction
e.g. conversation, sharing of interests/emotions, failure to initiate/respnd to interaction, no mirroring emotion, deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction
3 of 19
restricted/repetitive behaviour
min 2 of: repetitive motor movements, repetitive speech, inflexible adherence to routines, fixated abnormal interests, hyper/hypo sensitivity to sensory input
4 of 19
brain development
larger and heavier than average, reduced neuronal size and increased density in limbic and neuronal systems
5 of 19
weak central coherence
more focused on finer details - better than normal at tasks like block control. Less likely to remember gist of story (remember key details), less likely to succumb to visual illusions
6 of 19
executive function
don't join finer details together. Not good at rule shifting (from 1 to another) and worse at inhibitory control
7 of 19
classic causal theories (5)
mirror neurons, broken mirror hypothesis, binding theory, cortical connectivity theory, extreme male brain theory
8 of 19
Mirror neurons and social interaction
mirror neurons respond when we perform an act - autistic show unusual imitation (echolalia), don't use lang in same way, less likely to copy actions, facial expressions
9 of 19
Broken mirror hypothesis
mirror neuron system cant be broken as they used expressions + could imitate. Autistic showed less activation in inferior frontal gyrus - activation here correlaed with symptom severity. Evidence against - imitation involves more than mirror neurons
10 of 19
Binding theory
info is linked in neural networks by synchronising neural firing (temporal binding). Defective binding results in weak central coherence, also would cause problems in social situations+repetitive behaviour
11 of 19
Cortical connectivity theory of autism
Similar to binding theory. Fewer correlations/synchronised activity between different brain regions in autism. Background activity filtered out, networks less strongly correlated in those with autism-could explain social abnormality+inflexibility
12 of 19
Extreme male brain theory of autism
2 ways of thinking - emphasising (understanding emotions+mentalising) and systemising (logical systems, mechanics) Involves central coherence. Males = s, women = e. Autistic = s - but theory doesn't explain why
13 of 19
fractionable autistic triad
2-3 deficits in autism aren't necessarily linked. Dont always correlate in severity. Can occur independently - controlled by different genes. Not a unitary disorder
14 of 19
Study of autistic - networks
networks less strongly correlated in those with autism. Could explain preference for local thinking, social abnormalities, cognitive inflexibility
15 of 19
outcomes for autistic
57% v poor outcome (not living independently, no communication, no job), 21% poor outcomre, 13% acceptable (hobbies, social circle, not employed/living alone), 8% fair (EITHER living alone/employed)
most adults - difficulties in social responsiveness, 3/19 had 1+ close friends, ony 1 had a partner, only 3 living independently, clear daily life difficulties, 14/19 never had a job
18 of 19
Applied behaviour analysis
children rewarded for behaviour close to target behaviours (positive reinforcement). Discrete trial learning - instructor gives request, child response, reward or prompt
19 of 19
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
changes to diagnostic criteria
Back
no aspergers syndrome now - now autism without lang impairment. No childhood disintegrative/pervasive disorder
Comments
No comments have yet been made