English language spoken language key terms

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  • Created by: Katie7082
  • Created on: 19-11-17 18:59
Abbreviations
Shortened version ('cause')
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Accent
Ways in which pronounced
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Adjacency pairs
Paralleled expressions- ritualistic and formulaic
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Back-channel features
Words, phrases and other non-verbal utterances that feedback- being followed and understood ('really', 'yeah')
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Cliches
Indication of little/nothing to say- playing for time
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Colloquial idiom
Habit ('the thing is', 'as far as I can see')- informal
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Contraction
Reduced form- marked with apostrophe
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Conversational speech
Characteristics of informal spoken lang
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Courtesy terms
'please', 'thank you'
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Covert prestige
use of non standard
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Deixis
Refer backwards or forwards or outside of text- context dependent ('this', 'that', 'here')
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Dialect
Different grammar and vocabulary based on region
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Digressions
Steer away from topic- new perspective/direction
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Discourse
Routines of language use (when at doctors = recognizable routine)- links to power
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Discourse markers
Signal connections between utterances and signpost so that what is said can be followed ('first', 'so anyway')
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Elision
Omission of one or more sounds/syllables ('wannabe')
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Ellipsis
Omission of part of grammatcial structure ('you going?'/'might be')- casual/informal
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False start
Begins then stops and repeats/reformulates
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Fluency
No hesitations/fillers
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Formulaic phrase
Bring one topic to an end and start new ('by the way')
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Fillers
Allow time to think- create pause/hold turn
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Grice's maxims
4 basic convo rules- criteria for successful
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Hedges
Soften force ('maybe', 'i think')
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Idiolect
Individually distinctive style of speaking
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Idiom
Group of words whose meanings are different to meanings of words individually ('let the cat out of the bag')
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Interactional talk
Used for socialising
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Interruptions
Occur frequently - dominating- show power
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Intonation
Pitch and tone of voice
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Jargon
Specialist terms
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Media
wide influence on everyday terms (urban/rap music- teenage culture)
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Non fluency features
Typical of spoken language- interrupt flow
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Neutral topics
Build relationship/rapport (weather)
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Overlaps
Talks at same time- could show support
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Para-linguistic features
Body language- gestures/facial expressions- add meaning
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Phatic talk
No concrete purpose other than to establish/maintain relationships- small talk with traditional patterns
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Prosodic features
Stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation- mark out key meanings
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Prestige
Level of repsect
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Rapport
Relationship established
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Register
Level of formality
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Repetoire
We are all performers of many different types of speech, according to context
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Repetitions
Repeating words/phrases- emphasis /give time to sort thoughts
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Rhetorical devices
Evoke emotional response (hyperbole)
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Slang
Informal
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Social media
Own type of lang- abbreviations
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Sociolect
Impact of social class
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Spontaneous speech
Unprepared- non fluency features
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Standard English
Generally acknowledged as model speech/writing of educated
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Stereotype
Widely held belief about group
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Supportive minimal vocalisations
Support ('mmm', 'yeah')
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Taboo
Considered inappropriate in contexts
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Tag Q's
Normally added to a declarative- statement into question ('isn't it')
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Topic shifts
Mark key points in spoken discourse- can be contested- shows power
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Transactional talk
To get things done/transmit content
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Turn-taking
Single participant speaks- minimal overlap/gap
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Unfinished sentences
Not needed- pre-exiting knowledge/para-linguistic
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Utterance
Complete unit of talk
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Vague language
Imprecise/unassertive ('like',' and so on')
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Vocative terms
names, nicknames, titles, terms of address
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Ways in which pronounced

Back

Accent

Card 3

Front

Paralleled expressions- ritualistic and formulaic

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Words, phrases and other non-verbal utterances that feedback- being followed and understood ('really', 'yeah')

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Indication of little/nothing to say- playing for time

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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