Global Englishes
- Created by: LucyBennett10
- Created on: 07-05-17 14:51
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- World Englishes
- Theorists
- Jennifer Jenkins (2005)
- Five characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca.
- Lingua Franca: Common lang amongst speakers who come from different linguistic backgrounds
- Used by speakers of different languages allowing them to communicate with each other
- Alternate to English as a foreign language rather than a replacement for it
- May include innovations that might characterise local varieties of English
- Linguistic Accommodation + Code Switching useful strategies in ELF
- Lang of proficient ELF users tends to be used for description for the purposes of possible codification
- Codification: Standardizing/developing of the norm
- Five characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca.
- Braj Kachru (1992)
- Three Circles Model (Ways English is evolving)
- World Englishes classified in 3 different circles
- Each circle: A way in which English has been spread, acquired + used
- Inner Circle: Countries where English is the native language (e.g. USA, UK)
- Outer Circle: English has an 'official status' (Norm developing) e.g. Indie, Nigeria
- Expanding Circle: English has no official status (E.g. China,Russia,Brazil)
- Jenkins (2003)
- Kachru's model is designed having in mind geography and genetics.
- Does not factor in how users identify themselves e.g. some use English just at home
- Kachru's model is designed having in mind geography and genetics.
- World Englishes classified in 3 different circles
- Three Circles Model (Ways English is evolving)
- Streven's World Map of English (1980)
- Illustrates the dominance of English + the difference between British Eng and American Eng
- Crystal (1987)
- Reasons for switching from one lang to another.
- Speaker may not be able to express him/herself in one lang so switches to another (Possibly tired, upset etc)
- When a speaker wants to express solidarity with a particular social group.
- Used to exclude others from a conversation who do not speak the 2nd lang.
- Speaker wishes to convey hi/her attitude to the listener e.g. formality
- Reasons for switching from one lang to another.
- Jennifer Jenkins (2005)
- Key Terms
- Lingua Franca
- A common lang amongst speakers who come from different linguistic background
- Pidgin
- A restricted lang which arises for the purpose of communication between two social groups of which one is more dominant.
- Less dominant adopt the pidgin E.g. Natives
- A restricted lang which arises for the purpose of communication between two social groups of which one is more dominant.
- Creole
- A pidgin that has become the first lang of a new generation of speakers.
- Code Switching
- Switching between two languages (Person who is Bilingual)
- Lingua Franca
- Australian + New Zealand English
- No concentrationof a European lang other than English.
- Still many Aboriginal Langs - but spoken by small numbers
- Words brush, BUSH, CREEK, PADDOCK and SCRUB took on knew meanings (Broadening)
- Words BROOK, DALE, FIELD and MEADOW went out of use (Became Archaic)
- King Fisher changed from a - laughing ******* - Bushman's clock - kookaburra
- Ropable - synonym for "angry" or "annoyed"
- Australian Terms from Aboriginal Speech
- Boomerang, Dingo, Kangaroo, Wallaby, Wallaroo
- Very little regional variation
- Singlish
- Government insisted everyone should speak English
- Hybrid Language - Mixture of English and Singaporean
- First emerged when Singapore gained independence 50 years ago.
- Various ethnic groups began infusing English with other words and grammar
- Singlish became the language of the street
- Language now seen as part of Singaporean identity and heritage
- Generally spoken in informal situations. English used in formal situations.
- Grammar
- Mirrors Malay, which is indigenous to Singapore
- Get rid of most prepositions, verb conjunction and plural words
- Vocab
- Borrows from Malay, Hokkien, Cantonese, Mandarin + Tamil from southern India
- Having coffee- "lim kopi" combination of the Hokkien word for drink "lim" and the Malay word for coffee "Kopi"
- Also have appropriated English words and turned them into something else
- E.g. "whack" in singapore means to attack someone or digging into a meal.
- Some singlish words are simply invented and don't mean anything on their own
- e.g. " I got the cat lah" 'lah' is an assurance that you have the cat
- Some words are unique to Singapore e.g. 'Merlion' to vomit profusely
- Theorists
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