Emotional development

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What is emotional awareness?
Being aware of one's own emotions
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What does it adhere to?
Social conventions of emotional expression (funeral: Do not laugh out loud, learn the ability to control inappropriate behaviours
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And thus regulating?
Our own emotions
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What is it the ability to do as well?
Coping with negative emotions (learn how to cope positively to emotions such as failure, guilt, shame)
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Why is it important?
Appropriate emotional expression, emotional understanding, and empathy essential for effective social and communication
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What is the case of autism?
Emotion understanding, expression and recognition difficulties lead to difficulties with social functioning and relationship formation
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What is the case of alexithymia?
Difficulties in effectively describing one's own internal emotional experience associated with difficulties in empathy
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What are the basic primary emotions?
Happiness, anger, digust, sadness, fear and suprise
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What is the general agreement?
Positive emotions are expressed in response to positive events from a young age (Izard, 1992)
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Meltzoff and Moore, 1977
Infants as young as 12 days old copy facial expression, children imitate facial expressions as young as 12 years old
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What can 4-5 month infants do?
Discriminate between the emotional expression of others
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What is the habituation paradigm?
A way of trying to ask young infants whether or not they recognise something is different. The infant gets used to a stimulus
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Haviland and Lelwicka (1987)
10 week olds respond with happy/angry expressions when their mother is happy/angry
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However
This is just imitation, do they understand the meaning of the expressions?
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Gibson and Walk, 1960 Social referencing?
A mother calling to her child from across the deep side of the visual cliff. Despite the presence of the glass surface covering the cliff, the child refuses to cross over to the mother
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What does the young infant do?
Modify their behaviour depending on the mother's behaviour, babies can respond to the other people's emotional output
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What is there evidence for?
Innate expression and understanding of emotions early in development, young children show appropriate facial expressions in response to situations, infants imitate and discriminate facial expressions
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Infants are more likely to cross the visual cliff in response to what?
Smiling than scared caregiver
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Therefore?
Appropriate expression and understanding of others' emotions important for communication
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Affective empathy
Ability to react implicitly to others emotions
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Cognitive empathy
Ability to understand others emotions where they occur
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Autism lack what?
Cognitive empathy
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Psychopathy?
Lack affective empathy
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Dunn (1988)
Toddlers attempt to comfort siblings in distress, deliberate teasing and hurting
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What does this suggest?
of their ability to affect the emotional states of others
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What do toddler's understand?
Empathy and try to change emotions and feelings of someone they know
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What is acquired?
Basic understanding of emotions acquired in the 1st 2 years has to become mentalistic, one o the first concepts integrated into a child's theory of mind
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When are emotions talked about?
At about 2 years, conversations about emotions result in quick accumulation of knowledge (link to language and learning)
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What happens by the age of 3?
Children ask questions about mental states and emotions
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What happens at 6ish?
Children fully appreciate the link between emotions and internal states (They relate emotions to external events)
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What happens at 5 years old, in relation to situation and emotion
5 year olds have a basic understanding of the relationship between situations and emotions but only basic ones (those obviously related to facial expressions)
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How does an understanding of less physical emotions develop?
They are dependent on conversation, those that talked about more are understood earlier
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Harter (1983)
Asked children if it would be possible to experience two emotions simultaneously and describe example situations
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What is developed at 6 years?
Only those in which one emotion followed another
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What is developed at 8 years?
Situations that would give rise to two emotions of the same valence (Sadness and anger)
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What is developed at 10 years?
Acknowledge the possibility of feeling two opposing emotions
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Meerum Terwogt et al (1986)
Reversed demands of procedures (explain emotional reactions) and same results
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What is the early ToM construction based on?
Simple perceptions of cause and effect relationships between events and emotional reactions
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Conflicting emotion cues
When presented with conflicted emotional and situational cues, young preschoolers base judgements on facial expression alone, they are unaware of the conflict bias decreased with ages
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What are display rules
Children subsequently become aware of display rules, display rules refer to when we need to put on a socially desirable response and suppress an undesirable response
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What is needed?
Emotion understanding, empathy, emotional regulation, inhibition
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For example?
Executive function
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What were children asked for the unwanted gift paradigm?
Children of 3-5 years asked to rate different toys,
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What were the 2 conditions?
1st were given their favourite toy, 2nd given their least favourite
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What was recorded?
Emotional responses video taped and rated, measures of effortful control, slowing down motor response
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what was found?
Children who have a small difference between most fav and least fav are better at display rules than children have a larger difference
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What was the inhibition of prepotent response
- Only copy when I say “Simon says” - Don’t touch the “magic robot” until I get back! - Don’t peak while I’m wrapping your well done present!
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What is a test of emotion regulation?
- The well done present is wood chippings - Don’t tell anyone the gold-fish - Can talk!
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What was found for display rules?
- Emotion regulation and inhibitory control related - Even after controlling for age and verbal ability - Executive control of attention, action, and emotion are skills that develop in concert in the preschool period
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What is the theory of mind?
It refers to the ability to understand others emotional and mental states and use these to predict behaviour
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What is inhibitory control?
- Inhibitory control shown to be important for passing Theory of Mind tasks - Also important for emotion regulation and social skills
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Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
2 types of coping behaviours: problem focused: aim to remove the actual problem, emotion focused: aim to cope with the resultant emotion
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Rothbaum et al (1982)
Primary and secondary coping strategies, we use problem solving strategies first, emotion focused strategies are used, if PS ones fail
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We see what?
PS ones fail: PS won’t work before we attempt to use them (e.g. bereavement) - We foresee negative emotional repercussions of using PS methods (e.g. removing emotional support from a loved one)
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Band and Weisz (1988)
6 years olds can use primary strategies inc. Avoidance, asking help of ters, direct behavioural intervention
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Who uses secondary strategies?
Older children
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Why?
Social factors (not confronted with social restrictions, be aware of the consequences of their primary attempts
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What do PS strategies do?
Effect behaviours
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What do EF strategies depend on?
Recognition of emotions as mental phenomena (YOu can cognitively reappraise situtations so as to affect your emotional responses)
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What is a development of mentalistic understanding?
Develop at around 4 but this basic
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After what?
have to re-appraise their understanding of emotions (and this takes time)
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What do most emotions have to be?
Socialised, some emotions are dependent on social norms - guilt, pride and shame
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What are reflexive emotions
Result from our comparisons with social norms
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Shame and guilt serve what?
Important intra and interpersonal functions
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What can they foster?
Self improvement and strengthen social relationships, real guilt and shame are felt when social norms are internalised
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Children and masking emotions?
- Older children appreciate the possibility of people faking their emotions - Recognising fake emotions is difficult so this is a cognitive discovery rather than a refinement of their observational skills
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What is the deliberate concealment of emotions?
Begins at about age 7, based on a developing appreciation of the social consequences of the expression of some emotions
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Malatesta and Wilson (1988)
- Surfeit bias- a certain emotion is over used by an individual - Deficiency bias- under use of a specific emotion
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Where do these IDs come from?
Temperament (Goldsmith, 1983)
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Kagan (1994)
- Inhibited vs. uninhibited - Uninhibited demonstrate more positive emotions - Suggest that whether inhibited children retain their temperamental style depends on environmental factors (and their resultant emotional awareness)
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Magai and McFadden (1995) what do parents do?
- Parents play an important role in the socialisation of emotions & the development of a full emotional repertoire
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Especially in terms of what?
containing emotions (& the development of guilt and shame) & developing empathy skills
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What is imitation?
Key factor
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What do ASD people have?
Difficulties recognising and responding appropriately to the emotions of others part of diagnostic criteria
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What is Alexthymia?
Describing own internal emotional experiences
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What is it?
Common in ASD, difficulties in similar ideas of EA as in ASD, overlap of symptoms between alexythymia is explained by this condition rather than ASD
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Emotion recognition in ASD?
- Evidence for emotion recognition difficulties in ASD mixed - More complex, dynamic emotions more likely to reveal difficulties
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What do individuals with ASD tend not to what?
integrate with facial features and have difficulty processing emotion blends, - Atypical speeding up of eye movements in autistic group. People with autism find it difficult to look at the different facial features
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What do autistic children rely on?
More on verbal content rather than other cues
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What happened in the scene?
the woman said ‘I’m pleased to see you’ (Clear sarcasm). The autistic children didn’t take into account the facial expression as well as the verbal expression to depict how the woman is feeling
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Emotions and behaviour do not what?
Occur in isolation
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What do we need to be aware of?
Where emotions occur and when they are appropriate
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What does it allow us to understand?
Behaviour which has already happened,
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For example?
 Jane went to an interview  After the interview, when John saw Jane, she looked disappointed  What happened to Jane?  Did she do well at her interview? Other ToM tasks only at us to predict behaviour
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What do autistic children have difficulty understanding?
What behaviours are appropriate in different social situations,
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What situations will cause complex emotions?
Jane will be suprised on opening the empty box of coco pops
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What situations will cause basic emotions such as happiness and sadness?
Having a birthday party vs grazing a knee (Baron- Cohen et al 1993)
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What is retrodictive mindreading?
What gift did the person receive, and how did they feel about it?
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What are simple emotions?
Positive/negative: Chocolate/monopoly money
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What are complex emotions?
Masking (home-made)
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We need to?
Understand the link between emotion and behaviour - how would a chocolate or fake money gift make you feel? Recognise and attribute a correct emotion
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What is emotions and Tom?
- Adults with autism can understand what emotions are appropriate to each situation
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What do they make?
Congruent emotion and gift inferences (E.G: Positive for chocolate, masked for home-made
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What do autistic adults have difficulty doing?
recognising others complex emotions, particularly masked emotions
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What do autistic adults have difficulty with?
Complex emotion recognition, not emotional understanding
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What do autistic adults learn?
What emotions are appropriate in different social situations, difficulties successfully recognising complex emotions persist into adulthood
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What is the atypical emotion expression in ASD parts of diagnostic criteria?
o Lack of emotional expression (flat affect) o Inappropriate facial expression to situation (e.g. laughing inappropriately)
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Do neurotypical people find autistic people more difficult to mind-read than non-autistic people?
- Similar RM paradigm, but autistic and neurotypical people’s reactions filmed in response to 4 social prompts
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What do NT participants infer?
What situation cause the response, more successful at inferring what happened to NT than autistic targets
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What did NT participants rate ?
Autistic and NT targets as similarly expressive, gave different explanations for NT and ASD reactions
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What do autistic people also have difficulty doing?
successfully recognising others emotions, interpreting and predicting others behaviour, and responding appropriately
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What could this lead to?
Double empathy problem,autistic people may be less readable by non autistic people
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When does it occur?
within seconds, do not change with exposure, and persists in adult and child groups - 20 ASD and 20 NT participants were videotaped for 60 secs audition for a reality/game show
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What did NT participants rated as?
rated autistic participants as less favourable overall (except for transcripts) - Now what you say, but how you say it
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Autistic people are more likely to experience?
Social isolation, loneliness, those with high autistic traits more likely to experience thwarted belongingness
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What is it associated with?
- Associated with depression and self-harm (Heldey et al. 2018; Pelton and Cassidy, 2017) - Research yet to explore direct impact of double empathy on mental health in ASD
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What is most common in autism?
Irritability, aggression, self injury, suicidal gestures, anxiety and impulsivity common in ASD
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What does it suggesT?
emotion regulation
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What are the underlying factors?
– Less goal directed and more internally driven responses – Poor problem solving, rigidity, impaired ToM – Sensory hyper-responsivity – Different presentation of co-occurring mood disorders
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What are the impacts of ER difficulties in ASD?
- Reduced resilie nce – adapting to life’s challenges?
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What did ASD children score?
Did not score lower on emotional intelligence or resilence than TD children, EI and resilience correlated in ASD
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Card 2

Front

What does it adhere to?

Back

Social conventions of emotional expression (funeral: Do not laugh out loud, learn the ability to control inappropriate behaviours

Card 3

Front

And thus regulating?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is it the ability to do as well?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why is it important?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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