Drug Treatment
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- Created by: Rohima.
- Created on: 30-11-20 14:38
Drug therapy
Involves treatment of mental disorders such as schizophrenia through the use of antipsychotics to reduce the symptoms of the disorder
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Typical antipsychotics
Dopamine antagonist in that they bind to but do not stimulate dopamine receptors and so reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
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Atypical antipsychotics
Carry lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects,have a beneficial effects on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, and are suitable for treatment -resistant patients
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What are the drugs used to treat schizophrenia called?
Antipsychotics
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What do antipsychotic medication help with?
-Helps the person with the disorder to function as well as possible.
-increasing their feelings of subjective well-being
-reduce dopaminergic transmission(reducing dopamine activity in areas of the brain associated with schizophrenia
-increasing their feelings of subjective well-being
-reduce dopaminergic transmission(reducing dopamine activity in areas of the brain associated with schizophrenia
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What are typical antipsychotics?
(1st gen)
(1st gen)
Primarily used to combat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia-hallucinations and intrusive thoughts
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What is an example of a typical antipsychotics?
Chlorpromazine
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What are atypical antipsychotics?
(2nd gen)
(2nd gen)
Used to combat positive symptoms also have beneficial affects on negative symptoms
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What is an example of atypical antipsychotics?
Clozapine
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When were typical antipsychotics developed?
1950s
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What do typical antipsychotics reduce?
Reduce the effects of dopamine and reduce symptoms of schizophrenia
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How do typical antipsychotics work?
-are dopamine antagonist=bind but do not stimulate dopamine=reduces symptoms
-D2 receptors in the Mesolimbic dopamine pathway=blocking their action.
-D2 receptors in the Mesolimbic dopamine pathway=blocking their action.
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What does reducing stimulation of the dopamine system in the mesolimbic pathway allow?
Drug (chlorpromazine)-eliminate hallucinations and delusions
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How long does it take for typical antipsychotics to diminish symptoms?
Hallucinations and delusions-take a few days
Other symptoms-several weeks
Other symptoms-several weeks
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Kapur et al.(2000)
-between 60%-75% of D2 receptors in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway must be blocked for these drugs to be effective.
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Disadvantages of Kapur et al.
-similar numbers of D2 receptors in other area of the brain must be blocked as well=Undesirable side effects
-‘high costs’ to treat schizophrenia
-there are several dopamine pathways and blocking dopamine pathways in only one is useful, however blocking
-‘high costs’ to treat schizophrenia
-there are several dopamine pathways and blocking dopamine pathways in only one is useful, however blocking
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How do Atypical antipsychotics differ from typical antipsychotics?
Atypical antipsychotics:
-lower risk if extrapyramidal side effects
-beneficial effects on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment
-suitable for treatment-resistant patients
-lower risk if extrapyramidal side effects
-beneficial effects on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment
-suitable for treatment-resistant patients
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How do atypical antipsychotics work?
-they also act on the dopamine system by blocking the D2 receptors
-However, temporarily occupy the D2 receptors but rapidly dissociate to allow normal dopamine transmission.
-However, temporarily occupy the D2 receptors but rapidly dissociate to allow normal dopamine transmission.
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Rapid dissociation
Atypical antipsychotics:
This characteristics-responsible for lower levels of extrapyramidal side effects
-clozapine-little effect on the dopamine systems that control movement, tend to cause no movement problem unlike typical antipsychotics
This characteristics-responsible for lower levels of extrapyramidal side effects
-clozapine-little effect on the dopamine systems that control movement, tend to cause no movement problem unlike typical antipsychotics
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Features of atypical antipsychotics that differ from typical antipsychotics:
-rapid dissociation
-typical antipsychotics block only D2 receptors=atypical antipsychotics have stronger affinity for serotonin receptors (5-HT2A)
-lower affinity for D2 receptors
-typical antipsychotics block only D2 receptors=atypical antipsychotics have stronger affinity for serotonin receptors (5-HT2A)
-lower affinity for D2 receptors
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Antipsychotics vs. Placebo
Leucht et al.(2012)
Leucht et al.(2012)
Support the effectiveness of antipsychotics:
-Research:meta-analysis of 65 studies (1959-2011), involving 6000 patients
-All patients were stabilised on either typical or atypical antipsychotics.
-Some patients taken off medication and given a placebo and
-Research:meta-analysis of 65 studies (1959-2011), involving 6000 patients
-All patients were stabilised on either typical or atypical antipsychotics.
-Some patients taken off medication and given a placebo and
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Extrapyramidal side effects
-Typical antipsychotics:sometimes produce movement problems/more than half of patients experiencing this
-Called extrapyramidal side effects because antipsychotics impact the extrapyramidal area of the brain-controls motor activity
-most common symptoms
-Called extrapyramidal side effects because antipsychotics impact the extrapyramidal area of the brain-controls motor activity
-most common symptoms
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Ethical issues with typical antipsychotics
-if side effects, death and psychological consequences were taken into account the cost-benefit analysis will show more disadvantages with this type of medication
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Advantages of atypical over typical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotics:
-fewer side effects
-newly developed atypical antipsychotics, clozapine and quetiapine=less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects
-therefore, more likely for patients to continue with treatment=more likely to see reductio
-fewer side effects
-newly developed atypical antipsychotics, clozapine and quetiapine=less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects
-therefore, more likely for patients to continue with treatment=more likely to see reductio
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Are atypical antipsychotics better?
Crossley et al.(2010)
Crossley et al.(2010)
Crossley:meta-analysis of 15 studies to examine the efficacy (capacity to reduce symptoms) and side effects of atypical vs typical in early phase treatment of schizophrenia
-no significant difference between atypical and typical drugs in terms of their
-no significant difference between atypical and typical drugs in terms of their
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Motivational deficits
Ross and Read (2004)
Ross and Read (2004)
when people are prescribed antipsychotic medication, their is view that there is something wrong with them. Prevents:individual from thinking about possible stressors (such as life history or current circumstances) possible for their condition. —Reduces
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Typical antipsychotics
Back
Dopamine antagonist in that they bind to but do not stimulate dopamine receptors and so reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
Card 3
Front
Atypical antipsychotics
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the drugs used to treat schizophrenia called?
Back
Card 5
Front
What do antipsychotic medication help with?
Back
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