Discovering Topic 2: Perception

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 17-05-17 12:42
What is Attention blindness?
When you are paying attention to one thing so you don't notice another.
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What are soundwaves?
The result of movement and vibration within the air. These vibrations are then carried to us when there are changes in the air pressure.
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What is compression when relating to sound waves?
When the air molecules are closer together (high pressure)
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What is rarefaction in relation to sound waves?
When air molecules are further apart (low pressure)
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What is language?
an exploitation of our sensitivity to soundwaves.
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What is sound
The changes in air pressure over time
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What is the range of human hearing?
20 Hz to 20 kHz
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What is the lowest a human can hear in ideal conditions?
12Hz
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What is the frequency of dog whistles?
16-22kHz
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What is the frequency of hearing for dogs?
40-60kHz
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What do semicircular canals do in the ear?
Give us balance
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What are the three bones in the middle part of the ear?
malleus, incus and stapes
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What are the other names for the malleus, incus and stapes? (ear)
hamma, anvil and stirrup.
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What does the eustachian tube do? (ear)
equalise pressure between the inside and outside of the ear
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Where is the cochlea?
in the inner ear
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What does the oval window in the cochlea do?
It is like an eardrum, it receives vibrations from the stapes (bone in the middle ear)
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What does the basilar membrane the organ of corti do in the cochlea?
turn vibrations into electrical activity via transduction
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Where is the basilar membrane?
It runs along the length of the cochlea.
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What does the round window do in the cochlea?
it allows fluid to move
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Does the organ of corti include?
the outer hair cell, the tunnel of corti, the inner hair cell, the tectorial membrane and reissner's membrane.
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What part of the organ of corti helps to create the signal for the brain?
the hair cells along with the basilar membrane.
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What is the inner ear full of
fluid
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What does the basilar membrane do in response to incoming soundwaves
vibrate
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What makes the basilar membrane vibrate?
The fluid in the inner ear vibrates in response to soundwaves which vibrates the basilar membrane.
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The smallest point in the cochlea (the tip of the snail shell in the middle) is called the what?
Apex
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Are high frequencies detected at the base of or apex of the basilar membrane/cochlea?
base
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Are low frequencies detected at the base of or apex of the basilar membrane/cochlea?
apex
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Is the basilar membrane tonotopically mapped?
yes
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What does tonotopically mapped mean?
that different frequencies produce different responses in different parts of something.
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What causes the basilar membrane to be tonotopically mapped ?
The structure (NOT THE SHAPE OF THE SPIRAL)
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What are the hairs called in the ear?
Sterocilia
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What are the hair cells (sterocilia) inbetween?
The basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane.
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When the basilar membrane moves what happens to the sterocilia (hair cells)?
They brush against the tectorial membrane.
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What do the hair cells (sterocilia) secrete?
A transmitter substance
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What does the transmitter substance secreted by the sterocilia (hair cells) do?
activates the nerves which are attached to the hair cells.
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What part of the brain processes sound?
The primary auditory cortex
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What happens if you listen to loud sounds?
They damage the cochlea and hair cells
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Above what decidable does your cochlea and hair cells start to get damaged?
80
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Why can you smell something?
Because there is a molecule in the air?
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What is our smell sensitivity?
we can detect 1 molecule out of 50 billion.
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Do smells affect likability?
Yes
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What is considered a nice smell for someone to have?
If they smell like lemon
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What is considered a nasty smell for someone to have?
If they smell like sweat
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With the experiment which was done on smells and likeability, were people influenced more by the smell if they were conscious or unconscious of the smell?
Being unconscious of the smell had more of an affect.
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What happens when an odorant molecule is in the air?
You sense it using receptors. Different receptors respond to different molecules.
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What happens when your receptors respond to a smell?
Neurons are activated higher up and this is transduction in smell.
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What are the 6 smells in the smell prism?
Fragrant, Putrid, Ethereal, Spicy, Burned and Resinous
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What experiment led researchers to conclude that people find those with different immunity genes more attractive?
The sweaty t-shirt experiment. Men wore a t-shirt for several nights and were not allowed to wash. Females sniffed them and found the people they thought smelled better had different immunity genes.
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Why do we seek out those with different immunity genes?
So our offspring have a better chance of fighting infection.
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What are the organs which sense taste called?
Taste buds, they are in the tongue
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What do taste buds respond to?
Chemicals in the saliva.
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Some taste buds are more sensitive to certain tastes than others. What are the 4 tastes they are separated into?
sweet, salty , bitter and sour
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Higher concentrations of the chemical in the saliva causes a ___ response from the taste bud
greater
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The signals from the taste buds go to the
thalamus via the hind brain
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The signals from the taste buds go to where from the thalamus?
A specific taste zone in the cortex
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How many taste buds do we have?
10,000
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Where are the taste buds located?
Mainly on the tongue but also on the back of the throat and palette.
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There are 5 agreed primary taste qualities what are they?
Sweet, Bitter, Salt Sour and umami
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What is the Umami taste?
A savoury taste coming from meat or mushrooms.
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Is there a specific set of taste buds for the Umami taste?
No
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Does smell contribute to taste?
Yes
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If you have a cold or hold your nose what does food taste like?
Bland
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Is smell more sensitive than taste?
Smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste
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IF the nose fails, how much of the taste ability is lost?
80%
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What is the largest touch sensor?
The Pacinian corpuscle
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Where is the Pacinian Corpuscle located?
In the hypodermis
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What is the hypodermis?
the innermost thick fatty layer of skin
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What does the hypodermis respond to?
Vibration
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What transmits information about temperature and pain?
Free nerve endings
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Where are free nerve endings located?
at the bottom of the epidermis
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What are free nerve endings?
neurons that originate in the spinal cord, enter and remain in the skin
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Where are hair receptors?
In the dermis , wrapped around each hair follicle
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What do hair receptors do?
respond to pressure when the hairs are bent
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What is the temperature of human skin?
32 degrees
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Does the body respond to change in temperature?
yes
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Will your body always adjust to temperatures until it feels normal?
no, only up to a point
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are soundwaves?

Back

The result of movement and vibration within the air. These vibrations are then carried to us when there are changes in the air pressure.

Card 3

Front

What is compression when relating to sound waves?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is rarefaction in relation to sound waves?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is language?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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