Digestion

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  • Created by: Lotto65
  • Created on: 26-04-17 19:48
What does the mouth do?
Ingest and chew
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What is the function of the oesophagus?
Swallowing
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile
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What is the function of the stomach?
Protein digestion and killing pathogens
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What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile
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What is the function of the pancreas?
Secretes digestive enzymes
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What is the function of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption
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What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water
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What is the function of the anus?
Egestion of faeces
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What is the order of layers in a section of the small intestine (starting with the outside of the small intestine)?
Circular muscle --> Longitudinal muscle --> Submucosa --> Mucosa --> Villi
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What is the process of moving food down the small intestines?
Peristalsis
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How would you describe peristalsis?
Waves of muscle contraction
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Where does the circular muscle contract in terms of the food?
Behind the food
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What is the purpose of circular muscle contracting?
Constricts the gut to prevent food being pushed back up towards the mouth
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Where does longitudinal muscle contract in terms of the food?
It contracts in the area where the food is
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What is the function of the longitudinal muscle?
Move food along the gut
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What effect does the contraction of both layers of muscle have on the food?
Mixes it with enzymes in the small intestine
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What do enzymes digest?
Macromolecules
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What do enzymes digest food into?
Monomers
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Give examples of macromolecules that can be digested by enzymes
Glycogen, starch, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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What remains undigested in the small intestine?
Cellulose
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What three enzymes does the pancreas secrete into the small intestine?
Lipase, endopeptidase, amylase
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What does lipase break down? Into what?
Fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol
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What does endopeptidase break down? Into what?
Polypeptides into shorter peptides (amino acids)
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What does amylase break down? Into what?
Starch into maltose
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Name the two types of molecule in starch
Amylose and amylopectin
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What type of glucose are amylose and amylopectin made of?
Alpha glucose
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What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose is unbranched but amylopectin is branched between C1 and C6
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Which carbon atoms links amylose and amylopectin?
C1 and C4
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How does amylase make maltose?
Breaks chains between C1 and C4 in chains of four or more glucose monomers
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Amylase digests ... into maltose
Amylose
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Can amylase break the 1,6 bonds in amylopectin? Why/ why not?
No because of the specificity of its active site
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What are dextrins?
Fragments of amylopectin molecule that contain 1,6 bond that amylase cannot digest
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Where does digestion of starch occur?
On membranes of microvilli on villus epithelium
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What does maltase and dextrinase do?
Digests maltose and dextrins into glucose
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What else is on the membrane of the microvilli? What does it do?
Protein pumps absorbs glucose produced by digesting starch
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Where is blood carrying glucose taken to?
Through the villus capillaries to the venules
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Where are venules found?
In the submucosa layer of the small intestine
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Where is blood taken once it has reached the venules?
To the liver via the hepatic portal vein
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What does the liver do to blood carrying glucose?
Absorbs excess glucose and converts it to glycogen for storage
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What do surfactants do?
Break up lipid droplets
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What type of glands secrete surfactants and enzymes?
Accessory glands
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Give an example of a substance that diffuses through the stomach lining
Alcohol - very small molecules
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What is bile?
A surfactant
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What is the function of the bile duct?
Storage and regulated release of bile
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What else does the large intestine do other than absorb water?
Further digestion, especially of carbohydrates by symbiotic bacteria; formation and storage of faeces
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What is the outer coat of the small intestine called?
Serosa
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What does the sub-mucosa layer contain?
Lymph vessels and blood vessels
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Name two hormones secreted by the pancreas
Insulin and glucagon
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What else does the pancreas do?
Syntesises and secretes digestive enzymes into the gut
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Where in gland cells are enzymes synthesised?
Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Where are enzymes processed and how are they excreted from a cell?
Processed in golgi apparatus and secreted by exocytosis
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What three enzymes does pancreatic juice contain?
Lipase, amylase, protease
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What two substances do lipases digest?
Triglycerides and phospholipids
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What two substances do proteases digest?
Peptides and proteins
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Card 2

Front

What is the function of the oesophagus?

Back

Swallowing

Card 3

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What is the function of the gall bladder?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the function of the stomach?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the function of the liver?

Back

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