The process of reducing irregular word forms by remaking them as more common forms governed by rules.
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What is grammaticalisation?
The process of changing lexical words to grammatical words, or making grammatical words even more grammatical.
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What was the French influence on the English Language?
11th - 12th C -> Normans bring French to England. Spoken by those in power, writing and docs.
13th - 14th C -> Decline of French.
Loss of Normandy, 100yrs war.
14th C+ -> English is mothertongue.
Writing in English, used in school and courts, literat
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What is the language timeline?
4500 - 2500 BC = PIE
500 C = PG
450 - 1150 AD = OE
1150 - 1500 AD = ME
1500 - 1800 = EModernE
1800 - now = PDE
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What were the historical events that changed the English Language?
Roman Invasions, Christianisation and the Bible, King Alfred (during OE times), Norman Conquest, Renaissance.
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What was Grimm's Law?
bh -> b
b -> p
p -> f
dh -> d
d -> t
t -> þ
gh -> g
g -> k
k -> h (x)
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Describe Grimm's Law.
Aspirated voiced plosives became simple voiced plosives.
Voiced plosives became voiceless plosives.
Voiceless plosives became fricatives.
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What was the exception to Grimm's Law?
Verner's Law, which says that t -> d.
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Where was stress placed in OE?
Stress was placed on the first syllable of a stem, and the first element in compounds.
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What were the OE cases?
Nominative -> always after 'to be', subject, vocative.
Accusative -> direct object, nouns of time and object of preposition with movement.
Dative -> indirect object, object of most prepositions, means/manner without preposition.
Genitive -> possession ('s
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Under which circumstances are nouns or adjectives weak?
If preceded by the demonstrative.
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What are verbs inflected for?
Number and person, weak and strong (weak = regular, strong = irregular)
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What were the 2 OE sound changes?
'Breaking' = stressed vowel diphthongises in following contexts: 'VlC, 'VrC, 'Vh
'i' mutation = stressed vowel becomes fronter if following syllable contains /e, i and j/
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When did 'breaking' and 'i' mutation occur?
breaking = 5th - 8th C
'i' mutation = 7th C
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How can we tell when a word was borrowed?
Text before 924 AD -> borrowed at least then.
'sk' words are from Old Norse so 9th C or later, after Viking invasions.
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What were some sound changes between OE and ME?
/hl, hn, hr/ -> /l, n, r/
x -> gh
n -> dropped
ć -> dropped
In OE, voiced/voiceless fricatives were allophones, they're now phonemes to distinguish from French words.
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What were some vowel changes from OE and ME?
Vowel reduction.
Word final e was reduced to shwa, then dropped all together.
Diphthongs became monophthongs.
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What 3 factors influenced language in Early Modern English?
- Renaissance
- Printing Press
- Colonisation
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What was the importance of King Alfred?
- Fair and learned.
- All schools taught in English.
- Translated religious texts to OE.
- Started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
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What was the Great Vowel Shift?
Long vowels raised or became diphthongised.
Either a push chain or pull chain.
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