Developing brain

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what does there need to be for development of nervous system?
fertilised egg to create a multicellular blastocyst - which then differentiates into 3 germ layers
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what are the 3 germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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what happens on the 20th day?
neurulation
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what happens by 3-4 weeks?
formed a neural tube
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how many neurons can you get from stem cells?
100 billion
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when do you have the most amount of neurons?
when born have most, because as you grow you trim neurons
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what does the rostral end of the tube develop into?
3 vesicles that become forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
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what determines how stem cells differ?
signal properties (action potential), which receptor molecules are incorporated & how they look (short, fat etc), and which neurotransmitters they use
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what do glial cells do?
myelination of axons to increase speed of transmission down the axon
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function of myelination and stages for different systems?
build up complex things and carries on post birth - sensorimotor cortex myelination starts and ends earlier, then parietal/temporal association cortices, and PFC myelinated last (higher-order-cog)
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how is our brain born?
plastic (adapts and improves as develop) - some pruning of a steady increase that starts to fall as we lay down foundations early on for surivival
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effect of rich environment on cog function? (rats water maze)
improves cog function - rats from rich environments did better in task and those who did better also showed higher synapse density in areas linked to spatial awareness -e.g. hippocampus
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what is a critical period?
need input by certain time or its difficult for system to adjust
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what is the kennard principle?
earlier we intervene the better - e.g. jodie who had right hemisphere removed could still function due to plasticity of brain at time of life
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what does measuring activity of appropriate cells that should be activated when looking at particular show? (in cats)
cats normal visual input from birth (full range of appropriate activation) - sew up kitten eyelids for first 2+1/2 months find activity severely affected (critical period)
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what is the relationship between brain development and cognitive change?
link between the 2 but not always strong
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how was brain develop and cog change researched? (study similar to water maze - humans)
children 3-9 years old find treat in treasure hunt and navigate to get it - older children +7 could do it - hippocampal development at age 5, role of hippocampus
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how else can cognitive change be researched?
EEG studies on institutionalised children (lack of cortical development) - ERP studies - fMRI studies (but difficult as need to keep still - but find as they age their activity becomes more focused and less diffused - less reliant on sub-cortical)
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what are the 5 different areas of cognitive function?
perception, memory, language, numerical cognition, and executive processing
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what does research on perception suggest?
kanizsa figures - by 9 months infants can detect subjective contours and see right area of brain is involved in visual processing and diff levels of activity of ERP's than controls (kanizsa square has more info)
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what areas are involved in infantile amnesia?
hippocampus - and PFC more involved than initially thought
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what did Bauer et al find in memory study?
children can remember things but development of brain affects accessibility etc - 13 month olds can recall 2/3 step sequences for up to 8 months - younger they are more need to show them
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what did the active memory test show in young children?
those who recalled could remember the sequence - children who went on to not show active memory for the event showed some variation of activity for looking at old/new photo, but difference between the 2 groups after a week - encoded not consolidated
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where does language take place in the brain?
predominantly LH but they do interact - better speech discrimination when presented to right ear - LH
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what is NIRS?
optical signals measured using laser diodes - related to amount of oxygenate and de-oxygenated blood - metabolic activity
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who was research originally done on?
people with head trauma - rather than healthy brains
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what did Homae et al (2006) say was associated with prosodic speech (uppy-downy)
right temporoparietal region
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effect of environment on lang?
innate ability to develop but also experience involved - as exposed to more instances they develop more - ERP variation increases as they grow up
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how is numerical cognition measured?
habituation paradigms - how well understand number/amount - at 6 months need ratio of 1:2 to differentiate between novel and habituated, age9 need 2:3 ratio
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effect of playing with tigger toys on numerical cognition?
play with tigger toys - screen in front - see someone take one away - sometimes wrong number of tiggers - infants look longer at 1 or 3 tiggers - when look at brain activity see there is a difference
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development of executive processing?
by age 2 can sort objects according to rule, by age 3 can do 2 rules - by age 5 can switch between 2 different rules - maturation of brain in that area matches age child can sort objects
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the 3 germ layers

Back

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Card 3

Front

what happens on the 20th day?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what happens by 3-4 weeks?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how many neurons can you get from stem cells?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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