Criminology unit 2
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- Created by: caitlinjp30
- Created on: 13-05-22 10:26
Values
general principles, beliefs or guidelines that tell us right and wrong, good and bad
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norms
These are specific rules or standards expected by a particular society
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Mores
These are basic, essential norms that society sees as vital. The society most important moral rules, e.g. taking life/ incest
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Example of social change affecting policy development
Smoking
Smoking
Smoking - dramatic shift in attitudes towards smoking tobacco since 1930s
- used be a social norm
- adverts promoted it
it was glamorised
- 1950s first link between smoking and respiratory disease and cancer
- led to a gradual shift in attitudes and
- used be a social norm
- adverts promoted it
it was glamorised
- 1950s first link between smoking and respiratory disease and cancer
- led to a gradual shift in attitudes and
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Example - smoking effect of the campaigns
- 2002 the tobacco advertising and promotion Act- banned advertising cigarettes etc including at sporting events
- 2006 - the health Act - illegal to smoke at work or a 'substantially enclosed' public space
- 2014 - the children and families Act-illega
- 2006 - the health Act - illegal to smoke at work or a 'substantially enclosed' public space
- 2014 - the children and families Act-illega
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Example 2 - social change affect policy development
Rights for women
Rights for women
- 1857 - divorces could be started by either sex
- 1876 - women could attend university
- 1918 - women could stand for election
- 1928 - Equal voting rights
- 1948 - Nationality status separate to husband
- 1970 - Equal pay
- 1876 - women could attend university
- 1918 - women could stand for election
- 1928 - Equal voting rights
- 1948 - Nationality status separate to husband
- 1970 - Equal pay
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Example 2 - changes due to
Right for women
Right for women
- response of women to the war effort
- pressure from suffragettes to gain equality
- parity when both sexes are working under the same circumstances
- pressure from suffragettes to gain equality
- parity when both sexes are working under the same circumstances
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Example 3 - social changes affect policy development
Homosexuality
Homosexuality
- 1967 - homosexuality was decriminalised and the age of consent was 21 years old
- 1994 - age of consent lowered to 18
- 2000 - age of consent lowered to 16, equal to heterosexual couples
- 2004 - civil partnerships granted
- 2014 - same-sex marriage
- 1994 - age of consent lowered to 18
- 2000 - age of consent lowered to 16, equal to heterosexual couples
- 2004 - civil partnerships granted
- 2014 - same-sex marriage
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Examples 3 - changes due to
Homosexuality
Homosexuality
- greater apathy towards religion
- pressure groups such as stonewall calling for greater equality
- pressure groups such as stonewall calling for greater equality
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Pressure groups
A pressure group is an organisation that aims to influence and affect change in the interest of a particular cause.
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Pressure group campaigns:
British Lung foundation
British Lung foundation
The British Lung foundation organisation aims to prevent lung diseases by campaigning for positive change in the UK's lung health
- The BLF wanted to ban adults smoking in cars when travelling with children, and to remove colourful packaging from cigaret
- The BLF wanted to ban adults smoking in cars when travelling with children, and to remove colourful packaging from cigaret
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Pressure groups campaigns:
The Howard League for Penal Reform
The Howard League for Penal Reform
- A long-established pressure group that advocates prison reforms
- it aims it for less crime is safer communities and fewer people in prison
- he has campaigned for over 150 years and has had many successes
- it aims it for less crime is safer communities and fewer people in prison
- he has campaigned for over 150 years and has had many successes
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Cicourel
- argues that it is the meanings held by police officers and juvenile officers that explain why most delinquents come from working class backgrounds.
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Chambliss et al
crime diverts the public's attention from the exploitive nature of capitalism and focuses it on the offenses of the impoverished.
found that the Roughnecks had the law enforced against them more strictly than the Saints when the same crime was committed.
found that the Roughnecks had the law enforced against them more strictly than the Saints when the same crime was committed.
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Piliavin and Briar
- whether a person is arrested, charged and convicted depends on factors
- e.g. class, age, gender, ethnicity, time of day/night and attitude towards police officers - played an influential role in decisions to stop and/ or arrest an individual.
- e.g. class, age, gender, ethnicity, time of day/night and attitude towards police officers - played an influential role in decisions to stop and/ or arrest an individual.
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Youth courts and punishment
- children and young people who commit a crime may be treated differently by the justice system
- most countries have separate courts to deal with offenders below a certain age
- The court can't send anyone to prison but can impose sentences includin
- most countries have separate courts to deal with offenders below a certain age
- The court can't send anyone to prison but can impose sentences includin
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Homicide:
Diminished Responsibility
Diminished Responsibility
Diminished responsibility - a defendant can show that their mental condition substantially reduced their ability to understand what they were doing or form a rational judgement, this reduces their conviction to manslaughter
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Homicide:
Loss of control
Loss of control
Loss of control - partial defence that may reduce the offence to manslaughter
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Homicide:
Automatism
Automatism
A crime must be a voluntary act, the defendant must have consciously chosen to commit it. if they can show it was involuntary, they can please the defence of automatism
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Actus Reus
This is Latin for guilty act
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Mens Rea
Meaning a guilty mind
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Strict liability
Mens rea is not required - the wrongful act on its own is enough to convict someone
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
These are specific rules or standards expected by a particular society
Back
norms
Card 3
Front
These are basic, essential norms that society sees as vital. The society most important moral rules, e.g. taking life/ incest
Back
Card 4
Front
Smoking - dramatic shift in attitudes towards smoking tobacco since 1930s
- used be a social norm
- adverts promoted it
it was glamorised
- 1950s first link between smoking and respiratory disease and cancer
- led to a gradual shift in attitudes and
- used be a social norm
- adverts promoted it
it was glamorised
- 1950s first link between smoking and respiratory disease and cancer
- led to a gradual shift in attitudes and
Back
Card 5
Front
- 2002 the tobacco advertising and promotion Act- banned advertising cigarettes etc including at sporting events
- 2006 - the health Act - illegal to smoke at work or a 'substantially enclosed' public space
- 2014 - the children and families Act-illega
- 2006 - the health Act - illegal to smoke at work or a 'substantially enclosed' public space
- 2014 - the children and families Act-illega
Back
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