Confidence

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Desribe the effect of self-belief on the first sub-4-minute-mile
Doctors and scientists said it was impossible. May 1954 Roger Bannister ran in 3.59.4seconds. Following this, more and more people broke the sub-4-minutes. They saw and believed it was possible and so were able to do it.
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Define Sport Confidence
Degree of certainty one possesses about the ability to be successful in sport
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Define Self-confidence
Belief that one can perform successfully in competition (under-pressure)
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Define Self-Efficacy
Belief that one can successfully organise and execute a course of action to reach a specific goal.
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Define 'Trait' and 'State'
Trait = enduring and stable over time. State = specific moment in time, can fluctuate more than trait across different sports
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When is self-belief strongest?
When it is accompanied by humility: dont take things personally, see negative feedback a source of moving forward, doubts prevent complacency, don't gloat about success
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What does self-confidence look like?
Performers who believe in themselves.
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What actions would a self-confidence athlete do? (6 things)
1 - Set and achieve stretching goals, 2 - learn from criticism, 3 - balanced perspective of own strengths and weaknesses, 4 - take risks, 5 - bounce back from set backs, 6 - deal with pressure well.
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How would an athlete behave if they wanted to appear to have strong self-belief (but didn't actually have it)?
1 - tell you about their self-belief and ability in a need to verbalise and externalise it
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Describe performers who are aware of their lack of self-belief?
They are waiting to be found out, feel lucky, highly self-conscious, self-critical and have negative perceptions of what others think of them and their ability.
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What 3 elements make up the 'Dark Triad'?
Narcissism, Machiavellianism (manipulation of others), and Psychopathy
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Desribe behaviour of an individual who possesses the 'Dark Triad' characteristics?
They are likely to be selfish, hightened self-importance, feel an increased sense of entitlement, occuried with dominance and power, manipulate and exploit others.
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What does Bandura's Theory of Self-Efficacy claim?
That efficacy expectations are predicted by: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, physiological states, emotional states an imaginal experiences.
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What are the 4 main factors that effect Efficacy Expectations?
1 - Performance accomplishments, 2 - Vicarious Experiences, 3 - Verbal Persuasion, 4 - Physiological States
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Describe Performance Accomplishments
Most powerful predictor of Efficacy expectations, Personal mastery experiences, positive linear relationship (influenced by: percieved difficulty of task, effort exerted, physical guidance recieved, and temporal patterning of success and failure).
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Why can complacency be a problem and how can it be combated?
Complacency can lead to less effort in training and thinking you're already better than others. Self-doubt combats this and prevents athletes being complacent. Good coaches can regulate confidence and self-doubt to optimum levels.
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Define Vicarious Experiences
Information gained from observing and comparing oneself with others. Modelling provides instrictional + efficacy info. Model those with relevant or better ability
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When is vicarious experiences important? (2 answers)
1 - When lacking experience in the task, 2 - When there are percieved similarities to the model (age, size, ability of person demoing).
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Define Verbal Persuasion and give 3 examples
Persuasive techniques used by self (self-talk) or by otehrs (e.g. coaches) to manipulate behaviour. E.G = self-talk, evaluative feedback, others' expectations.
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What are the mediating factors of Verbal Persuasion?
Prestige, credibility, expertise and trustworthiness of the persuader.
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Define Physiological States
Appraisal of ones physiological state or condition. Includes strength, fitness, fatigue, pain etc. Positive evaluation enhances efficacy, negative evaluation compromises it. Perceptions of physical fitness and adaptness vital.
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Define Emotional States
Appraisal of one's emotional experiences and cognitive processes. (+ve enhance, -ve compromises efficacy).
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What is emotional states mediated by?
Selective recall of past success and failure
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Define Imaginal Experiences and what is it mediated by?
Imagining one's self or others being successful. Mediated by one's efficacy in imagery ability.
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Give examples of Sport-Specific Sources of Efficacy
Mastery, Demonstration of ability, preparation (physical and mental), social support, coach leadership, vicarious experience, simulation favourableness, performance accomplishments, trust.
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What are the 3 areas of consequences of efficacy beliefs?
1 - Cognitions (choice, attributions), 2 - Affect (emotions, mood), 3 - Behaviour (effort, performance)
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What is Valey's Revised Model of Self-confidence?
General conceptions of self-confidence to predict behaviour across a wide range of sport situations
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What does Valey's Revised Model of Self-confidence predict?
Organisational culture and athletes' characteristics influence sources of sport confidence, which predict sport confidence levels, which predict athletes behaviour, affect and cognitions.
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What 4 factors effect Valey's revised model of self-confidence?
1 - Self-confidence, 2 - Organisational culture, 3 - Athlete characteristics, 4 - Sources of self-confidence
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How can you develop Self-Confidence?
Combat self-doubts with strategies to enhance confidence: focus on performance accomplishments, drawing on own and others' experiences, manageing self-talk and interpreting readiness to perform positively.
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Expand 'focus on performance accomplishments'
Focus on recent accomplishments, replay in mind, write down sensory info, help trigger memory to relive success and boost self-belief.
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Expand on 'drawing on own and others' experiences'
Identify characteristics of anticipated pressure environemtns before you encounter them. Think how role models and team mates have responded to situations, try to simulate situations before you encounter them.
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Expand on 'managing self-talk'
negative = worrier, critic, victim. COunter this by avoiding negatives, use present tense, use personally credible sentiments.
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Expand on 'Interpreting your readiness to perform in a positive way'
Intense performance mental and physical response interpreted as facilitative. Physical response = mobilisation. Mental response = importance and effort.
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What are some other strategies of developing SC?
Avoid self-handicapping, blame externally (external uncontrollable factors of weather, 'had a good day'. - self-serving bias.
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What is 'Deschapelles coup'?
A chess player in France, self-sabotages at start allowing opponent to take a piece before game befing. If loses = 'wasnt expected to win', is he wins = boosted self-efficacy 'won despite being disadvantaged'. Gives an excuse for potential failure
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Sport Confidence

Back

Degree of certainty one possesses about the ability to be successful in sport

Card 3

Front

Define Self-confidence

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Self-Efficacy

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define 'Trait' and 'State'

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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