Cold War - Key Dates

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  • Created by: annanolan
  • Created on: 09-02-17 14:39
November - December 1943
Tehran conference
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3rd October 1944
Moscow conference - Churchill and Stalin's naughty list
2 of 85
4th - 11th February 1945
Yalta conference
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July 1945
Potsdam conference
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March 1946
Iron Curtain speech from Churchill
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1946
Long telegram (USA) and Novikov telegram (USSR)
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1945-47
Greek civil war
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March 1947
Truman doctrine
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June 1947
Marshall Plan
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How many countries accepted Marshall Aid?
16 - all non communist
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how much was given by Marshall aid to Europe?
$13 billion
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1947
Com inform - INFORMs people about communism, brings satellite states under Stalin
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June 1948 - May 1949
Berlin Blockade
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1949
Comecon - ECONomy, satellite states only trade with USSR
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April 1949
NATO created - military alliance
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Example of a violent way of enforcing com inform
In Hungary, 5% of the population was imprisoned by 1953 for disagreeing with Stalin
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March 1953
Stalin dies, new leader Krushchev gives de-Stalinisation speech in 1956
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1955
Warsaw Pact formed as response to NATO
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October - November 1956
Hungarian uprising
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East Germany 1949
Soviet zone, set up communist-controlled German Democratic Republic
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Poland 1947
Arrested 16 non-communist leaders and thousands of other non-communists so that the communists won the 1947 election
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Hungary 1947
Non-communists won the 1945 election with Tildy as president but the communist leader Rakosi took control of the secret police, executed his opponents, forced Tildy to resign and took control
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Czechoslovakia 1948
coalition government run by non-communist Benes, Communist leader Gottwald controlled army, radio and police. Gottwald became prime minister, set up secret police, arrested non-communists, took over
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1957
Sputnik satellite, first man made object in space (USSR are winning the space race)
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Who was Rakosi?
Hungary's dictator from 1949-56, 'Stalin's best pupil', used 'salami tactics' to get rid of opposition and over 387,000 were imprisoned
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1949-61
'Brain drain' of skilled workers from East to West Germany to flee communism, 2000 left per day
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November 1958
Khrushchev issues his 6 month ultimatum for the American troops to move out of Berlin
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May 1959
Geneva summit - agreed to meet in America
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September 1959
Camp David Summit - 'kitchen debate' , peaceful and friendly, agreed to end the ultimatum (but Khrushchev denied access to Disneyland)
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May 1960
Paris Summit - just before U2 spy plane was shot down over Russia with Gary Powers in it, Khrushchev demands apology, Eisenhower refuses, Khrushchev leaves without talking about Berlin or the test ban treaty :(
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June 1961
Vienna Summit - Ultimatum reissued, Kennedy refuses to back down and prepares for nuclear war
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How did Kennedy prepare for war?
an additional $3.2 billion was spent on defence spending, extra $207 million spent on nuclear fallout shelters, children were taught to duck and cover, housewives were shown in magazines how to decorate their shelters!
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How many ICBMs did the Americans have and how many did the USSR have?
USA = 450 USSR = 76
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How many medium range missiles did the Americans have and how many did the USSR have?
USA = 250 USSR = 700
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What did Khrushchev famously say regarding the arms race?
"We're churning out missiles like sausages"
35 of 85
13th August 1961
Khrushchev starts building the Berlin Wall
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How many people died trying to cross the wall in the first year?
50
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What did Kennedy say about the wall?
"A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war"
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1959
Castro overthrows US backed government and nationalises US oil refineries and assets, America responds with an embargo of Cuban goods
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April 1961
Bay of Pigs incident - Cuban exiles trained by CIA to overthrow Castro but fail, outnumbered
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24th May 1962
Khrushchev orders secret deployment of missiles to Cuba
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14th October 1962
U2 photos show presence of missiles in Cuba. Calculated that all US cities apart from Seattle could be targeted without the US having time to retaliate.
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22nd October 1962
Kennedy sends telegram to Khrushchev, he responds saying that the USSR will defend Cube with any weapon
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24th October 1962
USA begins 'Quarantine' of Cuba, Robert Kennedy goes to secret meeting with Soviet ambassador, USA goes to DEFCON 2
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26th October 1962
First telegram from Khrushchev - if USA never invade Cuba, USSR 'specialist support' won't be needed
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27th October 1962
Second telegram from Khrushchev - USA must remove missiles from Turkey
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28th October 1962
Kennedy decides to publicly reply to telegram 1 but Bobby Kennedy SECRETLY agrees to the second
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What were the short term consequences of the Cuban missile crisis?
'Red telephone' set up between White House and Kremlin, arms race controlled: Test ban treaty (didn't include testing underground)
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What were the long term consequences of the Cuban missile crisis?
Start of détente, Khrushchev removed from power, France left NATO
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August 1963
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed - not signed by France and China, didn't include underground
50 of 85
1967
Outer Space Treaty signed - bans placing of weapons on satellites, on the moon or in space
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January 1968
Alexander Dubcek becomes communist party leader in Czechoslovakia
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What were Dubcek's reforms?
Relaxation of press censorship, legalisation of political opposition, toleration of political criticism, "market socialism"
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What form of communism did Dubcek introduce?
Socialism with a human face
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August 21st 1968
Soviets invade Czechoslovakia and kidnap leaders
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How did the people retaliate in Prague Spring?
Peaceful protest
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September 1968
Brezhnev doctrine - USSR can invade any country in the Eastern Bloc that threatens security of the Warsaw Pact
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1968 detente
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
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1972
SALT 1 - no more production of short range and lightweight missiles
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1975
Helsinki agreements - 3 baskets
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What are the 3 baskets?
security, cooperation, human rights
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June 1979
SALT 2 - reducing nuclear weapons to 2250 warheads each, rejected because of Afghanistan invasion
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December 1979
USSR invade Afghanistan and kill capitalist leader Amin, USA don't want communism spreading to the oil rich middle east so support Muslim rebels (Mujahideen) and impose sanctions - Carter Doctrine
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1981
Reagan becomes president, gave the 'Evil Empire' speech against USSR and increased nuclear spending, limited nuclear war in Europe
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What did nuclear spending increase by in 1982?
13%
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1983
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) - system of anti-ballistic missiles in space to shoot down Russian missiles before they reached the USA - broke outer space treaty
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1985
Gorbachev becomes new leader of USSR after a period of gerontocracy, very popular in west
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What was Glasnost?
'openness' encouraging people to put forward new ideas
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What was Perestroika?
restructuring the economy, allowing a measure of private enterprise to increase efficiency and production.
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What was Democratisation?
getting people involved in the communist party and political debates. It became possible to buy western newspapers, less government secrecy, newspapers became more critical of Stalin etc.
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Why was Gorbachev slow to allow democratic elections?
He might get voted out
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November 1985
Geneva summit - good relations 'fireside summit", made Geneva accords but didn't agree on SDI
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What were the Geneva Accords?
1) To work towards the abolition of chemical weapons 2) Speeding up arms talks 3) New commitments to human rights
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1986
Reykjavik Summit - ends in failure because Reagan wouldn't give up SDI "We are missing a historic chance. Never have we been so close"
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Washington 1987
The INF Treaty - eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of 310-3400 miles
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1989
Malta summit ends Cold War
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1991 treaty
START 1 - reduced nuclear missiles by 1/3
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1989 Hungary
Faces are taken down and thousands of East Germans leave through Hungary
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June 1989 Poland
Open elections held, Solidarity win 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate
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November 1989 Czechoslovakia
Velvet revolution
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November 1989
Berlin wall comes down by people power
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October 1990
East and West Germany are united
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August 1991
Coup on Gorbachev by Communist party, suspended all rights
83 of 85
21st August 1991
Gorbachev comes back, tries to introduce a constitution for independence
84 of 85
25th December 1991
Corby announces the collapse of the USSR and resigns on Christmas Day
85 of 85

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Moscow conference - Churchill and Stalin's naughty list

Back

3rd October 1944

Card 3

Front

Yalta conference

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Potsdam conference

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Iron Curtain speech from Churchill

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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