Cognitive Styles of Personality

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George Kelly (1905-1967)
- american clinical psychologist - radical thinking - different approach to human understanding - personal construct theory
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personal construct theory 1950s
- all trying to make sense of the world - wanted to create a theory about whole person - role of individual in who they are and how they behave
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how people act:
. shift from passive to active . actors not reactors
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Kelly, 1969
"personal construct theory sees each of us as active and alive rather than inert and driven...we only stop moving when we are dead"
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people behave as scientists...
- interpret events - construct hypotheses - test in real world - build models to help predict events and behaviour of others
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experimental data
not objective - own personal interpretations
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any problems with using personal perceptions
- accuracy: our representations of individuals and situations may not be how they really are - similarities: others may not always share our perceptions
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constructive alternativism
- underpinned by philosophy - different ways to interpret events or individuals - creativity in terms of behaviour and flexibility in interpretations
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free will: linked with determinism
- thoughts and behaviours can be determined by goals and perceptions
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personal constructs
- everyone has their own unique model of the world: subjective viewpoint, idiosyncratic - individuals use personal constructs to view the world - criteria we use to perceive and interpret events and individuals - structured system
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system structure
- structure: organising out experiences - hierarchal, super-ordinate then sub-ordinate - constructs are bi-polar and focus on similarities and differences - eleven corollaries
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Development
- there is a need to maximise understanding of the world - individuals actively construe the world interpretation and reinterpretation - range of experience increases as we develop - development is dynamic interactive process
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assessing personality
methods: self-characterisation sketches and rep grid
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rep grid
- intended to give insight into client's personal construct system - how individuals construe the world - developed with no standard scoring
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issues
- kelly ignores other aspects of personality - lack of research into personal construct theory - limiting research examining rep grid: self-report, not objective measure, interpretation of therapist
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clinical applications
- explore personal constructs and clients view of themselves - individuals suffering with psychological problems may use unhelpful or invalid constructs - therapist raise awareness of faulty constructs and prepare for change
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Bannister, Fransella & Agnew, 1971
thought disturbances have been shown in patients with SZ compared to non-psychotic patients
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other applications
- health: eating and weight research - also within occupational psychology
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Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (Ellis, 1995)
- developed from clinical approach - people are aware of irrational beliefs but hold on to them - our cognition can reinforce our own distress - cognitions -> emotions -> behaviours
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similarities with Kelly
- develop hypotheses about world - important to test these - subjective world view: own perceptions, accuracy
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REBT
- we are rational and irrational: innate characteristics - individual and emotional or psychological disturbances are mainly due to irrational or illogical thinking - REBT is theory of human disturbance - purpose is to change irrational thoughts
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free will
- we can choose how to behave in situations - responsible for actions - control
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enlightened self-interest
- putting self first - your choices should contribute to your goals
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there is good in everyone
- difference between the behaviour and the person
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focus or irrationality: irrational thoughts are demanding in nature
- demands on ourselves, others or world - e.g. being angry
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focus or irrationality: rational thoughts = preference over demand
- difference in emotional reaction
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focus or irrationality: viewing the world as fair place
- belief that good things happen to good people - evidence of our irrationality - impact on health and psychological wellbeing
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focus or irrationality: Froggart (2005) outlines that irrational beliefs:
- distort reality - contain illogical evaluations - can create extreme emotions which can lead to distress and harmful behaviour
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Thinking errors (Ellis, 1987)
- ignoring the positive - exaggerating the negative - overgeneralisation
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Ellis' Model of REBT
- our emotions, thoughts and behaviours are interrelated - interpretations of world influence emotional and behavioural responses - emotional disturbance - tries to change thoughts and beliefs
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ABC Model
A - activating experiences B - belief C - consequences
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D
disruption
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E
effective new beliefs
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applications: mental health
- anxiety and depression - addictions - eating disorders - relationship and family problems
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applications: sport
- superstitions and rituals - may develop beliefs about having to perform well - may need to be addressed
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REBT - young cricketers
Reduced irrational beliefs and anxiety among youth cricketers (Martin & Barker, 2013)
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Single REBT with football academy athletes
Reduced irrational beliefs (Turner, Slater & Barker, 2014)
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issues
- are thoughts and emotions always linked? - do negative thoughts cause depression or does depression cause negative thoughts? - change in individual vs social change - focus on thoughts = ignores other aspects of personality
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Card 2

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personal construct theory 1950s

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- all trying to make sense of the world - wanted to create a theory about whole person - role of individual in who they are and how they behave

Card 3

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how people act:

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Card 4

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Kelly, 1969

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Card 5

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people behave as scientists...

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