Cognition- studies

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Arnell, killman and Fijavz
RSVP targeting emotional words. They capture attention even when they are not targets. Also works with anxiety, threat based and taboo based words
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Smith, Newsome and zald
Pots shown images. Stimuli such as cars, birds and buildings. Bird or car paired with an aversive tone (blast). Even though they are not responding to the first target they are automatically deploying attention to it due to aversive conditioning.
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Most et al
Ppts asked to identify target picture rotated 90º. Told to ignore all other stimuli, given one target. Ppts exhibited emotion induced blood ness- negative stimuli captured their attention so did not see the attended target.
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Keil and Ihssen
The second target word in the RSVP cold belong to one fo the three emotional categories. Unpleasant, neutral, or pleasant. Ppts were more likely to spot the ‘emotionally charged’ stimuli when two stimuli were close together.
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Watson and Tellegen
The organisation of our emotional system is under debate. It could be categorical or it could be dimensional.
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Schneider and Shiffrin
20 frames presented rapidly, ppts told to say yes if an array contained D H or X. They became just as fast on the 10 letter frames as the 4 letter ones, proving that recognition process became automatic.
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Descartes, 1600s
Humans, unlike animals, have the ability for conscious intent driven thought.
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La Mattrie, 1700s
Humans, like animals, are driven by habit
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WIlliam James, 1800s
“Habit covers a larger part of life. To urge the automatic theory upon us is an unwarrantable impertinence in the present state of psych.”
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Frankenhauser
Measured participants perfromance (understimulation and overstimulation) and norepinephrine levels. Stress hormone elevated during course of watching compared to control, showing that elevated levels in ppts awaiting second session more than during.
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McLeod
Tracking task, tone identification task. Time taken to respond was poorest when tracking task was perfromed. Therefore interference is greater when two tasks share the same output resource pool.
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Brooks
Participants memorised a sentence verbally. Had to answer if presented word was a noun. They either verbally said yes or pointed yes. Verbal response harder than pointing as verbal is same processing pool and memorised sentence.
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Treisman and Davies
Ppts monitored information visually and auditory. Four conditions- single stream (one ear one screen), two visual streams, two auditory streams, and one visual one auditory. The bet was the single modality stream.
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Wickens
The degree of interference is dependent on the extent to which each pool of resource is shared.
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Spelke, Horst and Neisser
Investigated effect of practise on dual task by training ppts. Both ppts improved dual task perfromance, showing that with practise we can perform two tasks equally well.
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Bourke, Duncan and Nino-Smith
Tone discrimination, random letter generation, motor task and visual recognition task. The greatest interference was with the letter task and least with tone task. This supports kahnemans theory that dual task perfromance depends on the demands
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Sullivan
Ppts shadowed a message in one ear, listened out for a target word in unattended ear. Task was easy until words got harder and increased
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Kahneman
Two rules determine the allocation during dual tasking. ENDURING DISPOSITIONS allocated resources to a meaningful stimulus, and MOMENTARY INTENTIONS, instructions.
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Braet and Humphreys
Gave ppts TMS, a technique that disrupts neural processing briefly. They found they could create illusory conjunctions in non-patients
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Wolfe and Co, guided search model
1, parallel processing of basic features. 2. This first step isnt just a precursor to the second stage binding , it can guide attention. Additionally guided search has a better view of how search can be driven by top down and bottom up processes
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Driver and Halligan
Ppts were to determine whether the two drawings were the same or different (upright/ rotated). It took longer to respond to the target in the ‘neglected’ side.
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Posner
Spotlight theory
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Mackay
Ppts shadowed ambiguous sentence then given memory test. Non shadowed ear had words related potentially to sentence. They couldn’t remember non-shadowed message, but could remember sentences that related to non-shadowed word.
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Deheane et al
Ppts shown 4 icons and asked if the number shown was larger or smaller than 5. In incongruent trials, ppts still said larger than 5 - depended what the last number
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Lewis
Vocal responses to shadowed words were slower as they occurred with a semantically related word in unshadowed ear.
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Deutsch and Deutsch
It is all processed pre-attentively, pre-working memory, with those inputs that best match the filter continuing on for further processing (filtering memory for response)
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Treisman
Most participants switched to unattended ear to continue message started in shadowed ear.
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Broadbent
Incoming information from multiple channels is initially processed in parallel and placed in a sensory buffer. One of those channels is selected to be allowed to pass through a filter.
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Cherry
(Cocktail party phenomenon) how to we follow just the conversation of the person that we are listening to? Sex of speaker, voice intensity, voice localisation.
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George Sterling
Examined the capacity of sensory memory and the role of attention in it. Cards flashed before ppts. A brief display means that we have to rely on mental representation not the visual image. There is no limit to sensory memory.
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Gather et al
Greebles- face like stimuli. After training with the greebles, FFA was active for faces and greebles.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Pots shown images. Stimuli such as cars, birds and buildings. Bird or car paired with an aversive tone (blast). Even though they are not responding to the first target they are automatically deploying attention to it due to aversive conditioning.

Back

Smith, Newsome and zald

Card 3

Front

Ppts asked to identify target picture rotated 90º. Told to ignore all other stimuli, given one target. Ppts exhibited emotion induced blood ness- negative stimuli captured their attention so did not see the attended target.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The second target word in the RSVP cold belong to one fo the three emotional categories. Unpleasant, neutral, or pleasant. Ppts were more likely to spot the ‘emotionally charged’ stimuli when two stimuli were close together.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The organisation of our emotional system is under debate. It could be categorical or it could be dimensional.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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