Cognition, Attention & Memory

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What is cognition?
It's all the mental processes in the brain concerned with the acquisition and the use of knowledge
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What are executive functions?
a set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate other abilities and behaviours.
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Why is our executive functions important to us?
They're necessary for goal-directed behaviour and allow us to anticipate outcomes and adapt to changing situations.
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What are the examples of executive functions?
- the ability to initiate and stop actions
- monitor and change behaviour as needed
- to plan future behaviour when faced with novel tasks and situations.
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What is the hierarchy of cognitive processing?
1. Executive function
2. Praxis
3. Memory
4. Object Recognition
5. Visual and spacial perception
6. Attention
7. Sensory registration
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What is sensory registration?
It's where information first comes in to memory through the senses. Vision dominates out of the senses.
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What is attention to space?
It is the ability to choose and concentrate on relevant stimuli
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What is the tactile sense in terms of receptor and perception?
receptor = skin
perception = touch
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What is the olfactory sense in terms of receptor and perception?
receptor = nose
perception = smell
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What is the hidden sense beginning with 'V'?
Vestibular. Located in the inner ear. Responsible for movement, head position, change and position in space
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What is the hidden sense beginning with 'P'?
Proprioception. It's in the muscles and joints. Responsible for body awareness and position
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What's the 3 stages of the sensory-motor loop?
1. sensory stimuli received by the brain
2. Sensory processing - stimuli analysed by the brain
3. Production of output/skill
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What are Visio-perceptual skills?
The ability to organize and interpret the information that is seen and give it meaning.
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What are visio-spatial skills?
A person's capacity to identify visual and spatial relationships among objects. Visuospatial ability is measured in terms of the ability to imagine objects, to make global shapes by locating small components, or to understand the differences and similarit
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What are Visio-constructive skills?
Being able to create and manipulate objects; put parts together to make a whole. Links motor and perceptual function.
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What are the 2 stages of object recognition?
1. analyse stimuli
2. match the info to stored representation of the object
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What are the 2 categories of attention?
1. Selective or focused attention (rejecting or accepting information
2. Capacity or divided attention (concept of upper limit to processing info at one time. e.g. sensory overload)
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Why does attention involve withdrawal of conscious awareness from some stimuli?
To deal more effectively with other stimuli as there are more stimuli arriving at the sensory organs than can be processed by the observer so you need to prioritise what is needed at that moment in time
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What lobe of the brain does voluntary attention rely upon?
The frontal lobe
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What are the 5 types of attention?
1. Focused
2. Sustained
3. Selective
4. Alternating
5. Divided
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What cognitive skills are involved in driving?
Attention
Perception
Memory
Motor planning and sequencing (Praxis). Executive functioning
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What is attentional neglect?
Where half of the brain is impacted (usually after a stroke). Could result in symptoms such as only being able to draw half a clock or house
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What is praxis?
complex cognitive-motor function.
Involves 2 components:
conceptual system & production system
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What is memory?
a lasting representation that is reflected in thought, experience, or expressed through behaviour
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What are the 3 aspects of memory?
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval
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What does short term memory incorporate?
working memory and/or immediate recall
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What does long term memory incorporate?
1. declarative memory (conscious/explicit)
2. non-declarative memory (non-conscious/implicit)
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What is learnings link to memory?
Learning is the process of acquiring new information, the outcome of which is memory.
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Name a theory or approach related to learning (there's 4 to choose from)
1. Behavioural approach (walker 2004 - cause and effect)
2. Cognitive approach (Child 2004 - active engagement and reflection)
3. Social Learning Theory (Bandura 1977 - observing others)
4. Experiential Learning (Kolb 1984 - knowledge and skill building f
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Card 4

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Card 5

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