Chemistry Module 2

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What is the outer layer of the Earth called?
the lithosphere
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What is the lithosphere made of?
tectonic plates
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How is most of out information about the Earth collected?
through seismic waves produced by earthquakes and man-made explosions
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What is the mantle like?
cold and rigid
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What do convection currents do?
slowly move plates
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Which is more dense, the oceanic or the continental crust?
oceanic crust
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What is it called when the oceanic plate sinks under the continental plate?
subduction
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Why does magma rise up through the Earth's crust?
because it is less dense than the crust
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What type of rock is formed from lava?
igneous rock
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Where do iron-rich basalt rocks come from?
runny lava in slower volcanic eruptions
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Where do silica-rich rhyolite rock come from?
thick lava in explosive eruptions
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How can the hardness of two raw materials be compared?
by rubbing the two materials together
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What type of rock is limestone?
sedimentary
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What type of rock is marble?
metamorphic
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What type of rock is granite?
igneous
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What is the chemical name for limestone and marble?
calcium carbonate
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What is thermal decomposition?
a reaction where one substance breaks down on heating to give at least two new substances
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How is cement made?
by heating limestone with clay
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What four things are needed to make concrete?
cement, sand, small stones and water
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What is reinforced concrete?
concrete with a steel rod in the middle of it
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Why is reinforcing concrete useful?
it stops it from stretching and cracking
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How can impure copper be purified in the laboratory?
using an electrolysis cell
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Give two advantages of recycling copper?
it has a fairly low melting point so the energy cost to melt is low and it reduces the need for mining
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Give two disadvantages of recycling copper?
less copper is mined so there are fewer mining jobs and the separation process may product pollution
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What is an alloy?
a mixture containing at least one metal
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What is amalgam used for?
filling teeth
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What does brass contain?
copper and zinc
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What does solder contain?
lead and tin
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Some alloys return to their original shape after being heated to a certain temperature, what are these called?
smart alloys
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Why is nitinol a smart alloy?
it returns to its original shape after being bent if it is put in hot water
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Which two metals rust?
iron and steel
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Name two things that accelerate rusting?
acid rain and salt water
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What is the word equation for rusting?
iron+oxygen+water=hydrated iron(lll) oxide
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Why does aluminium oxide not corrode in moist air?
because it has a protective layer of aluminium oxide which does not flake off the suface
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Give two advantages of recycling materials from old cars?
less waste means less landfill and less crude oil is needed to make new plastics
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Give two disadvantages of recycling materials from old cars?
some separating techniques produce pollution and some recycling processes are very expensive
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What are nitrogen fertilisers made from?
ammonia
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How is ammonia made?
by the Haber process
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What are the best conditions for the Haber process?
use a catalyst made from iron, raise the temperature to about 450 degrees, use high pressure (about 200 atmospheres) and recycle any unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen
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What does an iron catalyst do in the Haber process?
increases the reaction rate but not the percentage yield
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What does high pressure do in the Haber process?
increases the percentage yield of ammonia
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What does a high temperature do in the Haber process?
increase the reaction rate
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What is an alkali?
a base that is soluble in water
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When does neutralisation take place?
when an acid and a base react to make salt and water
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When acids react with bases and metal carbonates, what do they form?
salts
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How do fertilisers increase crop yield?
by replacing essential elements or providing extra elements and by providing nitrogen which helps the plant make proteins to grow
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What is a disadvantage of using fertilisers?
they can pollute water supplies causing eutrophication
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In electrolysis, which is negative, the cathode or the anode?
the cathode
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the lithosphere made of?

Back

tectonic plates

Card 3

Front

How is most of out information about the Earth collected?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the mantle like?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do convection currents do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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