Energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms.
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3 factors that affect ionisation energy
Atomic radius, Nuclear charge, Electron shielding
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Ionisation energy down a group
Atomic radius increases, more shielding, nuclear attraction decreases and so ionisation energy decreases.
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Ionisation energy across a row
Nuclear charge increases, atomic radius decreases, nuclear attraction increases so higher ionisation energy
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Why is there a fall in ionisation energy between Be and B?
Boron has an electron in a higher energy subshell (2p) so the electron is easier to remove.
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Why is there a fall in ionisation energy from nitrogen to oxygen?
In nitrogen all of the electrons in the 2p subshell are alone in their orbitals. In oxygen there are 2 electrons in a 2p orbital which repell each other making it easier to remove one.
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Metallic bonding definition
The strong electrostatic attraction between cations fixed in place and delocalised electrons.
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What is the difference between graphene and graphite?
Graphene is one layer of graphite.
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What is the trend in alkalinity as you go down group 2?
The pH increases as you go down the group as the solubility increases.
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Colour of halogens in their normal form and states.
Chlorine-gas, pale green Bromine-liquid, orange Iodine-solid, grey
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Why does the boiling point of the halogens increase as you go down the group?
More electrons so more london forces.
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Colour of halogens in water and cyclohexane
In water chlorine is pale green, bromine is orange and iodine is brown. In cyclohexane the colours are the same but iodine is violet.
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Chlorine with water equation
Cl2+H2O=HClO+HCl
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chlorine with cold dilute NaOH
Cl2+NaOH=NaClO+NaCl+H2O
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Carbonate test
Nitric acid. See if bubbles are produced.
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Sulfate test
Barium nitrate. White solid produced is barium sulfate.
Add NaOH. This produces ammonia gas. Warm the mixture to release the gas. It will turn damp indicator paper blue (alkali)
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Specific heat capacity definition
The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by one degree kelvin.
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Why are experimental enthalpy change values wrong?
Non standard conditions, some of the energy is used to heat the surroundings, incomplete combustion, evapouration of the substance from the wick
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Definition of average bond enthalpy
The energy required to break one moles of a specific type of bond in a gaseous molecule.
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What are the conditions for an effective collision of particles?
Correct orentation, sufficent energy to overcome the activation energy.
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What is a homogeneous catalyst?
A catalyst that has the same physical state as the reactants
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What is a hetrogeneous catalyst?
A catalyst that has a different physical state to the reactants. Reactant molecules are absorbed (weakly bonded) to the surface of the catalyst where the reaction takes place. The product molecules then leave by deasorption.
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What effect does a catalys have on an equilibrium?
Helps the equilibrium to be etasblished faster.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
3 factors that affect ionisation energy
Back
Atomic radius, Nuclear charge, Electron shielding
Card 3
Front
Ionisation energy down a group
Back
Card 4
Front
Ionisation energy across a row
Back
Card 5
Front
Why is there a fall in ionisation energy between Be and B?
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