Chem unit 2
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- Created by: Elise Roberts
- Created on: 13-01-13 13:45
In a maxwell boltsman distribution graph, increasing T .....
shifts the line to the right, and down, and greater area past Ea
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Increasing concentration, pressure and surface area ALL
increase rate due to more successful collisions
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Adding a catalyst....
offers an alternative mechanism that requires less energy
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In group 7, electronegativity....
increases as one goes up the group
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Group 7 halogens are...
oxidising agents
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As you go down group 7, they become
less oxidising
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As you go down group 7, it is....
more difficult to be reduced, therefore less oxidising power
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Group 7 halogens have low solubility in....
water, because they are covalent and non polar
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Group 7 halogens have high solubility in...
hexane, and form colourless, orange and violet solutions (Cl, Br, I)
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Halogen + Alkali (eg NaOH) leads to ...
disproportionation of the halogen
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Cl2 is the strongest ____ agent compared to Br2 and I2.
oxidising
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Adding nitric acid, then silver nitrate solution, to a solution of a chloroalkane will create...
a white ppt
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Adding nitric acid, then silver nitrate solution, to a solution of a bromoalkane will create...
cream ppt
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Adding nitric acid, then silver nitrate solution, to a solution of a iodoalkane will create...
yellow ppt
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I- is the best ____ agent compared to Br- and Cl-.
reducing
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I- is the best reducing agent because ....
it is the largest ion, therefore loses an electron (is oxidised) easiest.
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In the halides reactions with H2SO4, which can not create a redox reaction?
Cl-
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I- reduces S in the reaction with H2SO4 from what ox. state to what ox. state?
+6 to -2
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Hydrogen halides are acidic gases. In water they make strong acids. They can...
turn blue litmus paper red
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Hydrogen halides react with ammonia gas. What would be seen?
Steamy white fumes
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Primary alcohols can be oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate to....
Aldehydes and Carboxylic acids
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Secondary alcohols can be oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate to...
Ketones
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Tertiary alcohols can be oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate to...
They cannot be oxidised
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Fehlings and Benedicts Solutions test for the presence of...
an aldehyde functional group and turn from blue to red
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Tollens reagent when warmed tests for...
an aldehyde functional group and forms a silver precipitate
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What is the half equation for Mg when it burns in oxygen?
Mg --> Mg(2+) + 2e(-)
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What are the three forms of carbon structures?
Diamond, Graphite and Fullerenes
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Diamond can thermally conduct due to its...
stiff tetrahedral crystal lattice
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Graphite has _______ forces between it's sheets
London
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Graphite is ____ dense than diamond
Less
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Fullerenes can conduct electricity due to ....
delocalised electrons
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Fullerenes are soluble in ____ solvents to form ____ solutions
Organic. Coloured.
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With 3 isomers, the hydrocarbon with the HIGHEST boiling point will be:
the one with the straightest chain
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Why has a long, straight chained hydrocarbon got a higher B.P than a shorter, branched one?
London forces, because it has most surface area therefore electrons can pack closer, also it has more electrons
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A permanent dipole would be found in....
H-Cl
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Hydrogen bonding can only occur when...
H is covalently bonded to F, O or N
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F, O and N all have
high electronegativity and lone pairs
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Ice is less dense than water because...
Ice can form more hydrogen bonds than water. Hydrogen bonds are generally long, therefore ice is less dense.
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The trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes is that...
tertiary are more rxtve than secondary which are more rxtve than primary
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Halogeno(X)alkane + H2O --->
Alcohol + H(+) + X(-)
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To test for a halide we can add...
aqueous silver nitrATE, which will give a white, cream or yellow ppt (Cl, Br, I)
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The cream precipitate for adding Ag+ to Br- will form....
immediately if the original bromoalkane was tertiary, after seconds if it was secondary, and after minutes if it was primary.
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Halogenoalkanes can be used to/in...
make non stick pans, refrigerants, fire retardants, and polymers such as PVC,
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CFCs were banned because...
they were found to damage the ozone layer
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We replaced CFCs with
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which are less stable so decompose before the ozone layer
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Alcohols burn in oxygen to produce
H2O and CO2
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The trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols are..
tertiary are most reactive, then secondary, then primary
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A tertiary alcohol can simply be shaken with ____ to form a chloroalkane.
HCl
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Primary and secondary alcohols react with ____ to form a halogenoalkane
PCl3 / PBr3 / PI3
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Any alcohol + ____ ----> Chloroalkane + HCl + _____
PCl5 and POCl3
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Alcohol + PCl5 --> chloroalkane + [[HCl]] + POCl3. What is the [[]]?
steamy acidic fumes, that turn moist blue litmus red
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We can test for Cl in HCl fumes by
dissolving them in water, then adding silver nitrate - should give a white ppt.
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CH3CH2OH + Na --->
CH3CH2O(-)Na(+) + H
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The longer the chain of an alcohol reacting with sodium (Na), the ...
less reactive it becomes with Na
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An example of a 'linear' shape would be
CO2
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Non linear or 'bent' shapes have angles of...
120 or 104.5 (in SO2 and H2O)
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A shape with all angles of 120 degrees is most likely...
trigonal planar
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A tetrahedral molecule has angles of ...
109.5 degrees, such as CH4
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A trigonal pyramidal shape is...
like tetrahedral, except the top bond is a lone pair, therefore the angle is slightly smaller, making it 107 degrees
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Trigonal bipyramidal shaped molecules....
such as PCl5 have angles of 90 and 120 degrees
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Octahedral shapes have ...
angles of 90 degrees everywhere, such as in SF6
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Electronegativity is the ability to...
attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
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A bond length is
the distance when the attraction of the nucleous and electrons balances the repulsion between the two nuclei and between the electrons
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The bond lengths of C-C, C=C and C=_C
get stronger, therefore smaller
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The stronger attraction between two atoms, the...
higher the bond enthalpy (to break them), therefore the smaller bond length
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Phenolphthalein and methyl orange turn from ___ and ___to ___ and ___when going from alkaline to acidic
P: red to colourless. MO: yellow to red.
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Uncertainty % of a piece of equipment =
uncertainty / reading
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Total % uncertainty =
all % uncertainties added up
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If a burette has a mark every 0.5cm, what is the uncertainty?
+/- 0.25cm
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Polar solvents, such as water, are used to dissolve....
ionic substances and alcohols
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Non polar solvents, such as hexane, are used to dissolve...
ethene and other non polar molecules
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An ionic substance that WONT dissolve in water is Al2O3. Suggest why.
Al3+ has a high charge density, therefore it is strongly bonded; the strength of the new bonds would be less than the old ones
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The longer the chain of an alcohol, the ___ soluble it will be in water. Because...
Less. The carbon chain is not attracted to the water.
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Why are Na and K COMPOUNDS good reagents?
Their hydroxides and carbonates are soluble in water. Also, they are colourless therefore do not interfere with colour changes.
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Group one become ___ reactive down the group, as their ionisation energies become ____.
More. Lower.
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Group one hydroxides become ___ soluble down the group. And therefore create more ___ solutions.
More. Alkali.
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Group one element(M) + water ---> ____
MOH + 1/2H2
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Group one element(M) + Cl2 ---> ____
2MCl
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Group one carbonates are strange because...
they dissolve in water and do not decompose on heating. (apart from Li)
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Group one nitrates when heated form...
the nitrate and oxygen (apart from Li)
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Group 2 become ___ reactive as you go down, due to the ____ ionisation energies.
more. lower.
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The group 2 oxides and hydroxides become ____ soluble, and therefore create more _____ solutions.
more. alkaline.
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The group 2 sulfates become ____ soluble as you go down the group.
less
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Group 2 oxide(MO) + 2HCl --->
MCl2 + H2O
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Group 2 hydroxide (M(OH)2) + 2HCl ---->
MCl2 + 2H2O
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Name one gr2 hydroxide and one gr2 sulfate that have low/no solubility
Mg(OH)2 and BaSO4
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Gr2 (M) + 2H2O --->
M(OH)2 + H2 [apart from Be which is insoluble]
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Gr2 2M + O2 --->
2MO (white solid)
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Gr2 MO + H2O --->
M(OH)2 [apart from MgO which is insoluble in water]
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Gr2 M + Cl2 --->
MCl2 (white solid)
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Group 2 carbonates when decomposed form
the oxide and CO2
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Group 2 nitrates decompose into
the oxide, NO2 and oxygen
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The flame colours of Li, Na, K, Ca and Ba are...
red, yellow, lilac, brick red, green
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The thermal stability of group one and two nitrates and carbonates ___ down the group.
increases
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Group one nitrates and carbonates are ___ thermally stable than their comparative group 2 ones.
more
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BeCO3 is less thermally unstable than LiCO3 because ...
Be has a higher charge density, so it distorts the carbonate more, making it less stable
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I got to 99 questions. Whoah.
WELL DONE! This quiz was awesome.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Increasing concentration, pressure and surface area ALL
Back
increase rate due to more successful collisions
Card 3
Front
Adding a catalyst....
Back
Card 4
Front
In group 7, electronegativity....
Back
Card 5
Front
Group 7 halogens are...
Back
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