Applied Anatomy and Physiology 1.1

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myogenic
the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulse
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sinoatrial node
a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. it is more commonly called a pacemaker
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atrioventricular node
relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
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systole
when the heart contracts
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bundle of his
a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node via the bundle branches to the ventricles
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purkinje fibres
muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles
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sympathetic system
a part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate
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parasympathetic system
a part of the atomic nervous system that decreases heart rate
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medulla oblongata
the most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate
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chemoreceptors
tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration in carbon dioxide
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baroreceptors
special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate
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proprioceptors
sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect change in muscle movement
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adrenaline
a stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heat rate
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stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction
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diastole phase
when the heart relaxes to fill with blood
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ejection fraction
the percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat
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cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute
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cardiac hypertrophy
the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger; also can mean a larger ventricular cavity
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bradycardia
a decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute
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atherosclerosis
occurs when arteries Harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits
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atheroma
a fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery
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angina
chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscle of the heart is restricted
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stroke
a stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off
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steady state
where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply
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blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
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systolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
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diastolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing
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venous return
the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
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plasma
the fluid part of blood which is mainly water that surrounds blood cells and transports them
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haemoglobin
an iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
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myoglobin
often called 'muscle haemoglobin'. it is an iron-containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. it stores the oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins
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mitochondria
often referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there
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bohr shift
when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity oh haemoglobin for oxygen
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vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of cardiac output
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vasodilation
the widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries
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vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries
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arterio-venous difference
the difference between the oxygen content the arterial blood arriving at the muscle and the venous blood leaving the muscles
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. it is more commonly called a pacemaker

Back

sinoatrial node

Card 3

Front

relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

when the heart contracts

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node via the bundle branches to the ventricles

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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