Changing UK Landscapes

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Sedimentary Rocks
Formed in layers called beds. They are easy to erode. They are permeable Examples: chalk and sandstone
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Igneous Rocks
Formed of crystals so, they are resistant to erosion. Usually impermeable. Examples:granite and basalt
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Metamorphic Rocks
Formed by great heat and pressure. Hard to erode. They are impermeable
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Mechanical Weathering
Water falls into cracks and freezes, causing it to expand; over time the repeated freezing and thawing causes the rock to break apart.
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Biological Weathering
Action of plants and animals causing rock to split apart.
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Chemical Weathering
Rocks reacting to slightly acidic rain, and it gets dissolved.
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Forestry
Managing woodland for timber.
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Geology of UK
The northern western UK is mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks, forming UPLAND landscapes. The southern eastern is mainly soft sedimentary rocks forming LOWLAND landscapes.
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Abrasion
Breaking waves throw sand, pebbles and boulders against the coast during storms.
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Hydraulic Action
The weight and impact of water against a coastline, particularly during a storm, erodes the coast. Also waves compress air in joints in rocks, forcing them apart.
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Attrition
Rocks and pebbles carried by waves rub together and break into smaller pieces.
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Solution
The chemical action of seawater dissolves some rocks.
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Mass Movement
The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity.
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Longshore Drift
The process by which beach sediment can be transported along the coat by waves.
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Transport--TRACTION
Large boulders are rolled along the seabed waves
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Transport--SALTATION
Smaller stones are bounced along the seabed
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Transport--SUSPENSION
Sand and small particles are carried along the flow
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Transport--SOLUTION
Some minerals are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the the flow
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Concordant Coasts
They are coasts which are made of the same rock type
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Discordant Coasts
They are coats which are made up of different types of rock. This forms headlands and bays
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Destructive Waves
The swash is weak and the backwash is strong. Material is dragged into the sea, eroding the coats. They have high energy and occur in stormy conditions.
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Prevailing Wind
In the UK the prevailing wind direction is from the south west. This is the main wind direction.
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Coastal Erosion
The breaking down and removal of material along the coasts.
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Coastal Retreat/ Coastal Recession
When coastal erosion causes the coastline to move further inland.
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Headland And Bays
These develop on coastlones with a mix of hard and soft rock. They often occur where cliffs have fault lines of joints. Hrad rock like chalk are left sticking out, this is a headland. Soft rock such as sands are eroded forming bays.
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Caves
Formed when the waves erode a weakness int he rock such as a join or a fault.
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Arches
Formed when two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle.
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Cliffs
They are shaped through weathering and erosion. Soft rock erodes easily to create gently sloping cliffs. Hard rock erodes more slowly to create steep cliffs.
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Beaches
They are accumulations of sand and shingle formed by deposition and shaped by erosion, transportation and deposition.
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Spits
*Accumulations of sand. *Large amounts of sediments are deposited. *Prevailing wind causes it to have a curved shape. *Longshore drift->spit curves *One end attached to land and stretches out to sea.
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Sea walls
This is a hard engineering technique. They protect cliffs and buildings, but its expensive.
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Groynes
This is a hard engineering technique. The prevent sea removing sand, but they expose other coastal areas. They are cheap.
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Rip Rap Defences
This is a hard engineering technique. The rocks absorb wave energy, and its cheap.
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Beach Replenishment
This is a soft engineering technique. Sand reduces wave energy and maintains tourism. It's also cheap
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Offshore Reef
This is a soft engineering technique. Waves break on reef and lose power. This may interfere with fishing and its expensive.
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Sliding
Mass Movement. Where rock, weathered or eroded material or earth moves down a slope. Gravity pulls the weakened material downwards.
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Slumping
Where the river erodes the bottom of the valley slope, making it steeper. Material above slides downwards, particularly if it is saturated rainwater.
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Waterfalls
Found in the upper course of a river, where there is an increase in vertical erosion. They form where there is a layer of hard resistant rock overlying a softer, less resistant rock.
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Floodplains
The wide flat area of land either side of a river and experiences floods when the river tops its banks.
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Meander
The bend in a river
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Ox-bow lakes
A meander which has been broken off. The fast current breaks away at the sediment and erode, to form a faster route for the water to flow. Soon water only goes by the new route and no longer the old route to flow.
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Channelisation
The deepening and widening of the river channel.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Formed of crystals so, they are resistant to erosion. Usually impermeable. Examples:granite and basalt

Back

Igneous Rocks

Card 3

Front

Formed by great heat and pressure. Hard to erode. They are impermeable

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Water falls into cracks and freezes, causing it to expand; over time the repeated freezing and thawing causes the rock to break apart.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Action of plants and animals causing rock to split apart.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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