cell organisation- biology flashcards

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  • Created by: Hidayah
  • Created on: 05-01-18 17:27
what is an enzyme
a biological catalyst, made up of log chains of amino acids
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what conditions do enzymes neeed to work
optimum temp, optimum ph
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what do carbs break down into
simple sugars
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what do proteins break down into
amino acids
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what do lipids break down into
glycerol and fatty acids
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where are carbohydrases made
salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
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whereare protease made
stomach , pancreas, small intestine
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where are lipase made
pancreas, small intestine
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what is the function of bile
emulsify fats and neutralise stomach acid so enzymes are able to work
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where is bile produced stored and released
produced=liver stored=gall bladder released=into small intestine
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what is the function of the large intestine
where water is absorbed
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what is the function of the stomach
produces pepsin and hcl, the hcl kills bacteria and allows protease to work
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what is the food test for sugars
benedict (turns blue green yellow or red if present)
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what is the food test for starch
iodine (turns orange if present)
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what is the food test for protiens
biuret (turns pink/purple if present)
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what is the food test for lipids
sudan iii (seperates if present so red layer ontop)
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what are the parts of the lungs
ribcage- to protect , trachea-where breathed in air goes through, bronchi- what trachea splits into (2), bronchioles- splits into alveoli, alveoli- where gas exchange happens
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artiries
transports high pressure bood away from heart, strong elastic walls and small lumen compared to wall
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capilaries
1 cell thick layer, exchanges substances, caries blood close to cells for exchange, very small lumen
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veins
carrie slow pressure blood to heart, has valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way
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red blood cells
bioncave disk shaped to increase surface area an dno nucleas for mor efficient substance exchange. contains haemoglobin
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how does haemoglobin work
binds to oxygen in lungs becoming oxyhaemoglobin, then splits at cells to release oxygen
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white blood cells
releases antibodies to defend agains infection, changes shape to engulf microroganisms, produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by antibodies
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what is the word for the proces sof engulfing microorganisms
phagocytosis
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platelets
helps blood to clot, small fragments of cells
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plasma
carries everything (glucose, amino acids, co2, urea, hormones, antibodies and anti toxins)
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where does oxygenated blood leave the heart
aorta to all other organs
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where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart
pulmonary artery to lungs
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where does oxygenated blood enter the heart
the pulmonary vein to left atrium
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where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart
vena cava into right atrium
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what causes contractions in the heart
group of cells in the right atrium wall causing elecric impulses
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where is the hearts own supply of oxygenated blood
coronary arteries surrounding the heart
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what can be used to treat coronary heart disease
stents- meshy tubes in coronary arteries move fatty deposits out of way of blood flow, statins- drug which lowers bad cholestrol, which causes fatty deposits
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what are the diadvantages of stents
blood could clot near stent (thrombosis) or there could be complications during surgery
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what are the cons of statins
effects wont be instant, they could be forgotten about
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what are the disadvantages of artificial hearts
drugs have to be taken to thin blood to avoid blood clots but in case of an injury excessive bleeding could occur. electrical motor could fail,
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advantages and disadvanages of valve replacement
pro- better than whole heart transplant cons- complications with blood clots
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communicable disease
disease that can spread
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non communicable disease
disease that cant be spread
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factors affecting your health
diet, lifestyle, stress,life situation
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what diseases can smoking cause
caardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer
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why does smoking cause diseae
it damages walls of aarteries an dcell lining
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what diseases does drinking cause
liver disease, brain function problems because of loss of volume, if pregnant- reduces amount of oxygen baby recieves
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malignant tumor
cancerous, spreads to healthy tissues
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benign tumor
stays within a membrane, not cancerous
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risk factors for cancer
smoking- lung , obesity- bowerl,liver,kidney , uv exposure-skin
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parts inside a leaf
epidermal, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll, stomata, gaurd cell, waxy cuticle
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waxy cuticle
reduce water loss
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epidermal issue
transparent so light can get to palisade mesophyll
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palisade mesophyll
lots of clorophyll for photosynthesis
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spongy mesophyll
lots of air spaces for co2 to diffuse in
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stomata
allows co2 to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out
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guard cells
conrol how open or closed stomata is
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how are stomata adapted for their function
thick inner walls make opening and closing easy, when theres too much water inside stomata will open more so it can diffuse out and vice vers
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xylem
made of dead cells, no end walls, strengthened with lingin, transports water and mineral and ions frrom roots to leaves, transports one way
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phloem
elongatede livings cells, pores on sides for cell sap, transports food substances , transports both ways
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what is transpiration
the system in a plant to bring water up from the root sthrough the xylem to leaves to replace water if there is a shortage of it
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what is the rate of transpiration affected by
more light=faster, higher temp= faster, better air flow= faster, more humidity= slower.
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what is used to measure the rate of transpiration
a pottometer
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what conditions do enzymes neeed to work

Back

optimum temp, optimum ph

Card 3

Front

what do carbs break down into

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what do proteins break down into

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what do lipids break down into

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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