CB3 Genetics

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Chromosome
Found in nuclei of cells. Each contains a long DNA molecule packed with proteins.
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Daughter Cell
A cell produced by another cell that has divided.
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Diploid
A cell/ nucleus with two sets of chromosomes. Almost all cells in humans are diploid (exceptions: egg and sperm cells which are haploid).
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Haploid
A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes. Examples: Gametes.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. One molecule of DNA is found in each chromosome.
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Gamete
A haploid cell used for sexual reproduction.
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Gene
A section of the long strand of DNA found in a chromosome, which often contains instructions for a protein.
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Genome
All the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.
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Meiosis
A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.
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Mitosis
A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces two diploid daughter cells.
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Polymer
A molecule made out of a chain of repeating similar units.
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Zygote
Another term for 'fertilised egg cell'.
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Base (in DNA)
Four substances that help make up DNA, often shown as A, C, G, and T. Pairs of bases form 'links' between two 'spines' formed of phosphate groups and a type of sugar.
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Adenine (add-en-een)
One of the four bases found in DNA. (A)
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Cytosine (cy-to-seen)
One of the four bases found in DNA. (C)
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Guanine (gua-neen)
One of the four bases found in DNA. (G)
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Thymine (thy-meen)
One of the four bases found in DNA. (T)
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Double helix
Two helices joined together.
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Hydrogen bond
Weak forces of attraction caused by differences in the electrical charge on different parts of different molecules.
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Allele
The different versions most genes can come in. Example: eye colour can be light, dark, pale, etc.
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Genetic diagram
Diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce.
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Genetic variation
Differences between organisms passed on to offspring by their parents in reproduction.
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Genotype
The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism. Written in shorthand using letters to represent the alleles (with the dominant allele having a capital and being written first).
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Heterzygous
When both alleles for a gene are different in an organism.
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Homozygous
When both the alleles for a gene are the same in an organism.
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Monohybrid inheritance
The study of how the alleles of just one gene are passed from parent to offspring.
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Phenotype
The characteristics that a certain set of alleles produce.
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Recessive
Allele that will only affect the phenotype if the other allele is also recessive. It has no effect of the other allele is dominant.
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Family pedigree chart
A chart showing the phenotypes and sexes of several generations of the same family, to track how the characteristics have been inherited.
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Punnett Square
Diagram used to predict the different characteristics in the offspring of two organisms with known combinations of alleles. You can use the square to work out the probability of the offspring inheriting certain features.
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Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determines the sex of an orgnaism. In humans, males have one X sex chromosome and one Y sex chromosome, while females have two Xs.
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Human Genome Project
The project that mapped the base pairs in one human genome.
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Mutation
A change to a gene, caused by a mistake in copying the DNA base pairs during cell division or by the effects of radiation or certain chemicals.
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Acquired characteristic
A characteristic that can change during life, due to a change in the environment.
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Continuous variation
When differences in a characteristic are continuous. Continuous data can take any value between two limits. Examples: length, mass, time, etc.
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Discontinuous variation
When differences in a characteristic are discontinuous. Data values that can only have one of a set number of options are discontinuous. Examples: shoe sizes, blood groups, etc.
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Environmental variation
Differences between organisms caused by environmental factors. Differences are called acquired characteristics. Examples: heat, light, damage, etc.
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Mean
An average calculated by adding up the values of a set of measurements and diving by the number of measurements in the set.
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Median
The middle value in a data set.
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Mode
The most common value in a data set.
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Range
The difference between the highest and lowest numbers in a set of sata
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Normal distribution
When many individuals have a middle value for a feature, with fewer individuals having greater or lesser values. This sort of data form a bell shape on charts and graphs.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A cell produced by another cell that has divided.

Back

Daughter Cell

Card 3

Front

A cell/ nucleus with two sets of chromosomes. Almost all cells in humans are diploid (exceptions: egg and sperm cells which are haploid).

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes. Examples: Gametes.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Deoxyribonucleic acid. One molecule of DNA is found in each chromosome.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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