C6 9-1 OCR

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  • Created by: JoshOooh
  • Created on: 15-10-17 12:57
Alkane general formula
CnH2+2
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Alkanes are
Saturated Hydrocarbons
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First four alkanes are
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
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Saturated means that
the atoms have formed as many bonds as they can
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Complete combustion of ethane word equation:
Ethane + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water
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Incomplete combustion of pentane word equation:
Pentane + Oxygen --> Carbon Monoxide + Water
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Alkene general formula
CnH2n
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Alkene are 1._________ as they have a 2.______
1. unsaturated 2. carbon double bond (C=C)
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First four alkenes are
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
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How can one test for an alkene?
Using bromine water, when added an alkene will decolourise the bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless.
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Why do alkenes turn bromine water colourless?
The double bond opens up to form bonds with bromine.
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C2H4+ Br2 -->
C2H4Br2
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What is the reaction called in which alkenes react with hydrogen?
Hydrogenation
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C2H4 + H2 -->
C2H6
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Alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1OH
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Formular of Propanol
C3H7OH
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What do alcohols form when oxidised
Carboxylic Acids
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OILRIG
Oxidised is Losing (Electrons) Reduction is Gaining (Electrons)
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What is needed for the oxidation reaction?
An oxidising agent, such as potassium manganate(VII)
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What's the colour change when alcohol is oxidised?
Alcohol is purple, carboxylic acid is colourless
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Carboxylic acid general formula
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
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Formula for butanoic acid
C3H7COOH
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Addition Polymers are made from
Unsaturated Monomers e.g. alkenes
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Ethene (C2H4) becoming polyethene -->
(C2H4)n
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Formula of polypentene
(C5H10)n
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How to draw displayed formula of Polychloroethene
Break carbon double bond - draw brackets and draw bond lines through them and add an 'n'
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What is needed to make addition polymers?
an Initiator
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When heating to make addition polymers what should you use and not use and why?
Use a water bath to heat, do not use a Bunsen burner as some chemicals may be flammable.
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Condensation polymerisation involves
2 different types of monomer
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What is removed during the condensation reaction?
Water every time two different monomers meet
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Polyesters are formed by
Carboxylic acid and alcohol monomers
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Polyamides are formed by
Carboxylic acid and amine monomers
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Amines will appear as
NH2
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What should be drawn between two functional groups on each end of the monomer
A rectangle with the bonds touching it
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How does one make nylon-6,6
Mix 1,6-diaminohexane in water in one beaker and in a separate beaker mix 1,6-hexanedioyl dichloride and pour on top of one another.
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Examples of naturally occurring polymers
DNA, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids
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DNA in polymerisation
DNA has two strands made of nucleotide monomers that bond together
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Carbohydrates in polymerisation (starch and cellulose)
Starch and cellulose are complex carbs, they're made up of smaller units called sugars
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Amino acids in polymerisation
Amino acids form proteins via condensation polymerisation
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Name 3 biologically important condensation polymers
DNA, Protein and Carbohydrates
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Crude oil is formed from...
the buried remains of plants and animals, it's a fossil fuel.
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Fossil fuels are 1.____ that are formed 2._____
1. non-renewable fuels 2. over millions of years with high temperature and pressure
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Crude oil is a
mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons
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Crude oil is mainly made up of fractions with the general formula...
CnH2n+2 i.e. alkanes
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The different compounds in crude oil are separated by
fractional distllation
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Crude oil is heated until most of it turns into
gas
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Gases heated by fractional distillation enter
a fractionating column in which there a temperature gradient
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The liquid bit 1.____ is 2.____ of the fractionating column
1. bitumen 2. drained off at the bottom
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(FD) The longer the hydrocarbon the
higher the boiling point
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When hydrocarbons reach a certain point in the fractionating column they
turn back into liquid and drain out
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From bottom to top of the fractionating column the products are (with number of carbons)
Bitumen (70+), Oil (40), Diesel (20), Kerosene (15), Naphtha (10), Petrol (8), LPG (3)
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LPG mostly consists of
Propane and butane
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Naphtha is used as
a raw material in many industrial processes
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Crude oil separates because of
different intermolecular forces
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The two important types of bond in crude oil are
Strong covalent bonds and the intermolecular forces of attraction
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When the crude oil is heated the molecules 1.____ which makes it overcome the 2._____ and become a 3.__
1. move about more 2. the intermolecular forces due to high amount of energy 3. a gas
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Cracking is
when crude oil fractions or long chain hydrocarbons are split into smaller molecules
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Cracking turns long 1.____ into 2._____
1. alkane molecules 2. smaller alkane and alkene molecules
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Cracking involves 1.____, 2.____ & 3.____
1. heat 2. moderate pressure 3. a catalyst
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Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over 1.____ at around 2.___ degrees and 3.____
1. powdered catalyst 2. 400-700 3. 70atm
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Catalyst used in cracking
Aluminum oxide
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Cracking - C10H22 -->
C8H18 + C2H4
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Back

Alkanes are

Card 3

Front

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

the atoms have formed as many bonds as they can

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ethane + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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