c1 core science AQA

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  • Created by: bbyjujux
  • Created on: 17-04-17 20:52
What is an element?
a substance that is made of only one sort of atom
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what do atoms have?
a small central
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what is a nucleus made out of and what are around them
protons and neutrons electrons
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what is the charge of a proton, neutron and electron
pronton: +1, Neutron :0 Electron: -1
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atoms of each elements are represented by what?
a chemical symbol
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What is equal to the number of electrons in an atom in the nucleus
the number of prontons
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does an atom have an overall charge?
no
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why does an atom have no overal charge?
the positive charge of the prontons are canceled out by the negative charge of the elctrons
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what do atoms of the same element have?
they have the same number of protons
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what do atoms of different elements have?
they have a different number of protons
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what is the number of protons in an atom of an element
the atomic number (small number)
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what is the number of protons?
the number of electrons
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what is the sum of the prontons and the neutrons in an atom
is the mass number (big number)
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what do electrons occupy?
energy levels (electron shells)
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what is each electron in an atom at?
they are at a particular energy level ( in a particular shell)
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What do the electrons in an atom occupy?
they occupy the lowest available energy level
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how much can the first electron shell hold?
2
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What do elements in the same group in the periodic table have?
They have the same number of electrons in their highest energy level (the outer shell)
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what does that give them?
similar chemical properties
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how much electrons does group 1 metals have in their outer shell?
1
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group 1 elements reactions
Metal+Oxygen---> Metal oxide
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group 1 elements reactions
Metal+Water-->Metal Hydroxide+ Hydrogen
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noble gases :what are the elements in group 0 called
noble gases
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why are they nonreactive
because their atoms have stable arrangements of electrons
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How much electrons do noble gases have in their outer energy level
8, except for helium which has only two electrons
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Chemical reactions :what happens when elements react?
their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds
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what does this also involve?
Taking or sharing electrons to form ions or molecules
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what do compounds formed from metals and nonmetals consist of?
ions
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what are ions
they are charged particles (positive or negative)
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Why do metal atoms lose electrons?
to have a full outer shell of electrons like the noble gases
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where do non metal atoms gain electrons from
Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions.
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Why does a metal atom lose an electron?
to become a positive ion. they give this electron to a non metal to become a negative ion
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What happens after?
the positive metal ions is then attracted to the negative non metal ion
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what is this attraction called?
ionic bonding
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what do compounds formed from non metals consist of?
molecules
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what do they do?
They join together by sharing electrons to form a covalent bond
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what are molecules the atoms held together by
covalent bonds
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name the two sub atomic particles of the nucleus in an atom
protons and neatrons
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what happens during a chemical reaction to the atoms
no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reactions so the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactats
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what is limestone mainly composed of
limstone is mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
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what can limestone be used for?
building materials
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How can calcium carbonate be decomposed and what is it callled
by heating (Thermal decomposition)
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what can be made by heating calcium carbonate?
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
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in which way are carbonates of magnesion, copper, zinc , calcium and sodium heating
in a similar way
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Metal carbonates decompose on heating to give.....
carbon dioxide and the metal oxide
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why do Not all carbonates of metals in Group 1 of the periodic table decompose at the temperatures reached by a Bunsen burner
too much energy needed to break the carbonate
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why do Not all carbonates of metals in Group 1 of the periodic table decompose at the temperatures reached by a Bunsen burner
too much energy needed to break the carbonate
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Calium carbonate(limestone) ---> Calcium oxide(quicklime)+ Carbon dioxide
CaCO3----> CaQ+CO2
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copper carbonate---> Copper oxide+ Carbon dioxide
CuCO3------>CuO+CO2
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How can carbon dioxide gas be detected
by using limewater
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what happens to the limewater?
it turns cloudy white when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it
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what does calcium oxide reacts with?
water
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what is produced when calcium oxide reacts with water
calcium hydroxide which is an alkali that can be used to neutralisation of acids
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calcium oxide (quicklime) + water ---> calcium hydroxide (limewater) (slaked lime)
CaO+H2O-->Ca(OH)2
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what does A solution of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide produce?
calcium carbonate
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what happens if you use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy
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finish the equation limestone---> quicklime.....
+carbonate dioxide
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finish the equation quicklime+water---> ...
slaked lime
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what does carbonates with acids make?
salts
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finish the sentence Carbonnates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide....
a salt and water
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is limestone (calcium Carbonate) damaged by acid rain?
yes
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what is the first name of naming salts?
metal
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the second name?
you have to work out from the acid
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what is hydrochloric acid name in salts
chloride
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what is the nitric acid name in salts
nitrate
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what is the sulphuric acid name is salts
sulphate
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when you heat limestone with clay what do you get
cement
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what is limestone heated with to make cement
clay
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what is used to join bricks together
mortar
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how is mortar made
by mixing cement with sand and water
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how is concrete made
by mixing cement with sand, water and aggregate (crushed rocks)
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what is an ore
its a metal mixed with rocks
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complete the sentence : ores contain enough metal to make it economic to....
extract the metal
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it is not economic the metal...
will not be extracted from its ore
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what happends to the ore after its mined and might be concentared
the metal is extracted and purified
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is gold and reactive or unreactive metal?
its an reactive metal
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where are unreactive metals such as gold found
in the earth as the metal its self
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what do most metals that are found as a compound need to extract the metal
a chemical reaction
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what are metals that are more reactive than carbon such as aluminum extracted by
electrolysis of molten compounds
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these metals take alot of energy to extracte which makes the..
expensive and its also expensive to do
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what can metals that are less reactive than carbon be extracted from
their oxides by reduction with carbon for example iron oxide is reduced in the blast furnace to make iron (reduced means oxygen is removed)
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what are some of the problems that can occur of extracting metals from ores
copper is extracted from its ores by chemical processes that involve heat or electricity which makes it expensive copper-rich ores are being depleted and traditional mining and extraction have major ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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the supply of copper-rich ores is......
limited
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where can copper be extracted from?
copper-rich ores by heating the ores in a furnace (smelting)
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how can copper be purified?
by electrolysis
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New ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores are being researched to.....
to limit the environmental impact of traditional mining.
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such is Phytomining, what is phytomining
Phytomining Uses plants to absorb metal compounds and that the plants are burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds
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what is bioleaching
Bioleaching Uses bacteria to produce leachate (absorb ) solutions that contain metal compounds.
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what can copper be obtained from
copper oxide by a displacement reaction using scrap ions
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iron is more reactive than
copper
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so?
it will remove (displace) the oxygen from copper oxide.
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copper oxide + iron+ iron oxide+?
copper
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what can copper also be obtained from?
solutions of copper salts by electrolysis
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what is copper sulphate solution made up of?
positive copper ions and negative sulphate ions.
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where do the positive copper ions move to?
the negative electrode
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where do the negative sulphate ions move to?
the positive electrode
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why should we recycle metals
because extracting them uses limited resources and is expensive in terms of energy and effects on the environment.
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why are aluminium and titanium useful metals
because they have Low density and resistance to corrosion
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aluminium and titanium cannot be...
extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon
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why?
because they are more reactive than carbon.
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are the current methods of extraction of aluminium & titanium cheap?
no
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2 reason why extraction of aluminium and titanium is expensive
there are many stages in the processes large amounts of energy are needed.
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how much iron does iron contain when a blast furnace
96%
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why does it have limited uses
because The impurities make it brittle and so it has limited uses.
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what is the iron used for
The iron made iron is used as cast iron because of its strength in compression
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an alloy is a mixture of?
metal atoms with other atoms
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what is iron mostly converted in
Most iron is converted into steels which is and alloy.
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what are steels
Steels are alloys since they are mixtures of iron with carbon.
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what do some steels contain
Some steels contain other metals
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what can alloys be designed for
Alloys can be designed to have properties for specific uses.
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what are most metals in everyday use?
alloys
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what are Pure copper, gold, iron and aluminium mixed with to become harder?
small amount s of similar metals just like alloys
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why?
because they are to soft so with the small amounts of siliar metals like alloys they get harder for everyday use
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low carbon steels are easily...
shaped
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high carbon steels are
hard
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stainless steels are
resistant to corrosion
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what are the elements in the central block of the periodic table known as?
transition metals
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what are transition metals a good conductors of
heat and electricity
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finish the sentence: Transition metals can be...
bent or hammered into shape
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what are transition metal useful as
They are useful as structural materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through them easily.
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Copper has properties that make it useful for?
Electrical wiring and plumbing
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what is copper a good conductor of?
electricity and heat
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Can copper be bent?
yes
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what is copper hard enough to use for?
pipes or tanks
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what does copper not react with?
water
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what is crude oil a mixture of?
Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds (HYDROCARBONS)
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what does a mixture consist of?
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
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what are The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture?
unchanged
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is it possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation
yes
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what compound does a hydrocarbon contain
carbon and hydrogen atoms only
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what are the two types of hydrocarbons?
alkanes and alklenes
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what is a alkanes
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS) All C-C single bonds no C=C
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what is a alkenes
(UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS) They have at least one C=C bond
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when drawing these structures what do you have to remember
that each carbon atom has to have four covalent bonds (rep with ---) with other atoms
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Alkenes reacts with what to turn orange to colourless
bromine water
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they are many what in crude oil? and what can they do?
hydrocarbons, the can be separated into small fractions
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there are different what, containing what?
The different fractions contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms.
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each fraction has....
has a different boiling point so will evaporate and then condense at a number of different temperatures.
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all this process is called what?
fractional distillation
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what does some properties of hydrocarbons depend on?
the size of their molecules
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which properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels
boiling points, viscosity and flammabilty
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the lower the boiling point....
the lesser the viscous and its more flammable
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the higher the boiling point
more viscous and less flammable
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what do most fuel including coal contain?
carbon and or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur
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when do you gases release into the atmosphere?
when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
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oxide of nitrogen are at...
high temperature
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what do solid particles may contain?
soot (carbon) and unburnt fuels
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when does complete combustion occur?
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS PLENTY OF OXYGEN PRESENT CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER ARE MADE NO CARBON MONOXIDE MADE
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when does partial combustion occur?
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A LACK OF OXYGEN POISONOUS CARBON MONOXIDE IS MADE
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what does the combustion of hydrocarbon release?
energy
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During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are....
oxidised. (OXYGEN IS ADDED)
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what are the 3 types of polution
Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain. Carbon dioxide causes global warming. Solid particles cause global dimming
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how can we make burning fuels cleaner?
Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles.
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another reason?
Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations
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what are biofuels including biodiesel znd ethanol produced from?
These are produced from plant material. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues.
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if you crack hydrocarbons what can be produced?
smaller more useful molecules
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what does this process invole?
This process involves heating the hydrocarbons to vaporise them.
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how does this happen?
The vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition reactions then occur.
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what is the general formula for alkenenes
CnH2n.
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what are some of the products of cracking useful as fuels such as?
petrol
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what can alkenes be used to be made
make polymers (large molecules) such as poly(ethene) and poly(propene).
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what happens in these reactions
many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers).
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what are some polymers plastics
wound dressings, dental polymers, waterproof coatings for fabrics, packaging materials, hydrogel
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non biodegradable plastic- what are many polymers?
Many polymers are not biodegradable, so they are not broken down by microbes and this can lead to problems with waste disposal. Be aware of the problems that are caused by landfill sites and by litter.
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biodegrable plastics - what are plastic bags being made of
Plastic bags are being made from polymers and corn starch so that they break down more easily. Biodegradable plastics made from corn starch have been developed.
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how can ethanol be produced?
. Ethanol can be produced by the hydration (addition of water) of ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst
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another way ethanol can be produced by?
Ethanol can also be produced by fermentation with yeast, using renewable resources.
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word equation for ethanol
Sugar---->carbon dioxide + ethanol
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some fruit, seeds, and nuts are rich in what?
they are rich in oils that can be extracted
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how is this extracted?
The plant material is crushed and the oil is removed by pressing or in some cases by distillation. 2 Water and other impurities are removed.
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what do vegetable oils have that water doesnt
Vegetable oils have higher boiling points than water and so can be used to cook foods at higher temperatures than by boiling.
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what does cooking with vegetable oil produce
This produces quicker cooking and different flavours but increases the energy that the food releases when it is eaten
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why are vegetable oils important
Vegetable oils are important foods and fuels as they provide a lot of energy. They also provide us with nutrients.
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what happens when oil is in water?
Oils do not dissolve in water
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what they can they be used to be produced
emulsions
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what are emulsions?
Emulsions are thicker than oil or water and have many uses that depend on their special properties
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what do they provide
They provide better texture, coating ability and appearance, for example in salad dressings, ice creams, cosmetics and paints.
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what kind of properties do emulsions have
Emulsifiers have hydrophilic (water loving head) and hydrophobic properties (water hating)
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what do Vegetable oils that are unsaturated contain
double carbon=carbon bonds.
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how can be this be detected
These can be detected by reacting with bromine water.
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how can Vegetable oils that are unsaturated can be hardened
hardened by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60°C.
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Hydrogen adds to the.....
carbon–carbon double bonds.
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what kind of boiling points do hydrogenated oils have?
The hydrogenated oils have higher melting points so they are solids at room temperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries.
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The earth- the earth crust and upper part of the mantle.....
are cracked into a number of large pieces called TECTONIC PLATES
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Convection currents within the Earth’s mantle driven by.....
heat released by natural radioactive processes cause the plates to move at relative speeds of a few centimetres per year.
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is the mantle a solid?
the mantle is mostly a solid but that it is able to move slowly
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what can the movements be?
can be sudden and disastrous. Earthquakes and / or volcanic eruptions occur at the boundaries between tectonic plates.
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what are the only source that human need
the Earth’s crust, the atmosphere and the oceans are the only source of minerals and other resources
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wegner's theory of crustal movement-
The earths crust is separated into plates The plates are less dense than the mantle and float on top Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move Plates can collide to form mountains Plates can move apart to cause sea floor speading
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wegner's theory of crustal movement-
Wegner studies the different continents and discovered the following: The continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle Similar fossils are found in the continents
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wegner's theory of crustal movement-
Wegner said that the earth is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving. The plates have slowly moved apart from each other
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why was Wegener’s theory of crustal movement (continental drift) was not generally accepted for many years
because people thought the earth was not made up of tectonic plates
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what did scientists once thought about the features of the earth surfaces
they thought that the Earth’s surface were the result of the shrinking of the crust as the Earth cooled down following its formation.
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what happens when two plates of equal density collide
they fold up to make mountain ranges.
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what can scientists not accurately predict?
when earthquakes and volcanic eruptions will occur
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what are at the edge of plates
at the end of plantes are regions of volcanic activity and earthquakes
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the earth atmosphere- what are the gases in the atmosphere
about four-fifths (80%) nitrogen ■ about one-fifth (20%) oxygen ■ small proportions of various other gases, including carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases.
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what happened during the first billion years of the earths existence
there was intense volcanic activity. This activity released the gases that formed the early atmosphere and water vapour that condensed to form the oceans
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how did the atmosphere evolve?
. Earth’s atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and there would have been little or no oxygen gas. There may also have been water vapour and small proportions of methane and ammonia. (like the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today). (DEADLY
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life on earth-
There is evidence that the first living things appeared on Earth billions of years ago. There are many scientific theories to explain how life began. One theory involves the interaction between hydrocarbons, ammonia and lightning.
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The Miller-Urey experiment
They sealed a mixture of water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a sterile flask. The mixture was heated to evaporate water to produce water vapour. Electric sparks were passed through the mixture of water vapour and gases, simulating lightning. A
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what does the The Miller-Urey experiment supportes?
the theory of a ‘primordial soup’, the idea that complex chemicals needed for living things to develop could be produced naturally on the early Earth.
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what do plants and algae produce
the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere.
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what is this process called
photosynthesis and that this process uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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where do most of the carbon from carbon dioxide in the air get locked?
gradually became locked up in sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels.
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what do fossil fuels contain
carbon and hydrocarbons that are the remains of plants and animals.
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what dpes carbon dioxide disvole in
the oceans
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what is limestone form from?
from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms.
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The oceans also act as a reservoir for carbon dioxide but increased amounts of carbon dioxide absorbed by .....
the oceans has an impact on the marine environment.
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what is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere called?
global warming
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what is air a mixture of
Air is a mixture of gases with different boiling points and can be fractionally distilled to provide a source of raw materials used in a variety of industrial processes
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what is distilled
he action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling
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