Biology Unit 2
Flashcards for Biology Unit 2 for the retake exam on the 14th May 13.
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- Created by: Rebekah
- Created on: 28-04-13 15:08
Photosynthesis Equation
Carbon Dioxide + Water ---> Glucose + Oxygen
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Diffusion
The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
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Organ
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
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Organ System
A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
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Catalyst
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction
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Respiration
The process of releasing energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell
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Aerobic Respiration Equation
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
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Anaerobic Respiriation Equation
Glucose ---> Energy + Lactic Acid
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Mitosis
When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring
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Meiosis
Produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes
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Parts of an Animal Cell are
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrance, Mitochondria and Ribosomes
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Parts of a Plant Cell are
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrance, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Cell Wall, Permanent Vacuole and Chloroplasts
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Parts of a Yeast Cell are
Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cell Wall and Nucleus
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Parts of a Bacterial Cell are
Cytoplast, Cell Wall, Cell Membrance and Genetic Material
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Small Molecules can Diffuse through Cell Membranes, Such as
Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids and Water
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Big Molecules can't Diffuse through the Cell Membrane, For example
Starch and Proteins
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Nucleus
Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
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Cytoplasm
Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions
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Cell Membrane
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
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Mitochondria
These are where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energu that the cell needs to work
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Ribosomes
These are where proteins are made in the cell
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Cell Wall
Made of Cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it
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Permanent Vacuole
Contains Cell Sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
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Chloroplasts
These are where photosynthesis occirs, which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll
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Palisade Leaf Cells
Carry out Photosynthesis
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Guard Cells
Open and close pores
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Red Blood Cells
Carry Oxygen
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Sperm and Egg Cells
Specialised for Reproduction
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Palisade Leaf Cells are packed with
Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis. More of them are crammed at the top of the cell - so they are nearer the light
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Palisade Leaf Cells are shaped
Tall - meaning lots of surface area is exposed down the side for absorbing CO2 from the air in the leaf
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Palisade Leaf Cells can be packed at the top of the leaf as they are
Thin in shape
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Guard Cells are shaped
like Special Kidneys, that open and close the stomata
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Turgid
When a plant has lots of water, the guard cells fill with it and go plump. This makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
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Flaccid
When a plant is short of water, the guard cells lose water, making the stomata close to stop too much water vapour escaping
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To make the opening and closing work in a Guard Cell
They have thin outer walls and thickened inner walls
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Guard Cells are sensitive
to Light so they close at night to save water
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Red Blood Cells are shaped
Concave to give a big surface area for absorbing oxygen. It also helps them pass smoothly through capillaries to reach body cells
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Red Blood Cells are packed with
Haemoglobin - the pigment that abosorbs the oxygen
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Red Blood Cells have no
Nucleus - to leave more room for the haemoglobin
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The Female DNA is carried in the
Egg Cell - which nourishes the developing embryo in the early stages
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When a sperm fuses with the egg
The egg's membrane instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in.
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A Sperm has
a long tail and streamline head to help it swim to the egg
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Sperm Cells are full of
Mitochondria to provide energy
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To digest through the Egg Cell Membrane, Sperm carry
Enzymes
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Large Multicellular Organisms are made up of
Organ Systems
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Differentiation
Occurs during the development of a multicellular organism
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(Tissues) Muscular Tissue
Contracts to move whatever it is attached to
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(Tissues) Glandular Tissue
Makes and Secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
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(Tissues) Epithelial Tissue
Covers some parts of the body - e.g. Inside of the gut
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(Stomach Organ) Muscular Tissue
Moves the stomach wall to churn up the food
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(Stomach Organ) Glandular Tissue
Makes Digestive Juices to digest food
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(Stomach Organ) Epithelial Tissue
Covers the outside and inside of the stomach
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(Digestive System) Glands - e.g. Pancreas and Salivary Glands
Produces Digestive Juices
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(Digestive System) Stomach and Small Intestine
Digest Food
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(Digestive System) Liver
Produces bile
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(Digestive System) Small Intestine
Absorbs soluble food molecules
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(Digestive System) Large Intestine
Absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces
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The Digestive System
Exchanges materials with the environment by taking in nutrients and releasing substances such as bile.
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Leaves are made of
Mesophyll Tissue, Xylem and Phloem, Epidermal Tissue
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Mesophyll Tissue
Is hwhere most of the photosynthesis in a plant occurs
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Xylem and Phloem
Transports things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant
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Epidermal Tissue
Covers the whole plant
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The Process that makes food in plants and algae is
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis happens inside the
Chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts contain a green substance called
Chlorophyll - which absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is also produced as a by-product
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4 main materials are needed for photosynthesis
1. Sunlight beating down on the leaf provides the energy for the process 2.Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplasts 3. Water reaches the cells via the xylem 4. CO2 diffuses into the leaf
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Back
Diffusion
Card 3
Front
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
Back
Card 4
Front
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
Back
Card 5
Front
A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
Back
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