Biology (B4) GCSE revision cards

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  • Created by: Beth
  • Created on: 10-02-13 12:14
what is the equation to find the population size?
number in 1st sample x number in 2nd sample / number in 2nd sample previously marked
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what assumptions have to be made with the capture-recapture method?
- no death, immigration or emigration - identical sampling methods - marking does not effect survivial rate
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what is an ecosystem?
an ecosystem is allliving things and the surroundings, in a particular area
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what is a habitat?
where an organism lives
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what is a community?
all organisms living in an ecosystem
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what is the definition of a population?
the number of a particular organism in a community
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what is zonation?
a gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat
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what is biodiversity?
the variety of different species living in a habitat
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name the two different types of ecosystem, and give an example
natural ecosystem - e.g. native woodlands and lakes (high biodiversity) artificial ecosystem - e.g. forestry plantations and fish farms
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what do you use a pooter, a pitfall trap and a net for?
pooter - **** up individual insects chosen by the user pitfall traps - catch insects walking across the ground, the insects fall into the trap nets - catching flying insects
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what is the word equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
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what is the balanced symbolic equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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state the two stages of photosynthesis
1) light energy is used to split water, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions 2) carbon dioxide gas combines with the hyrogen to make glucose
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what happens to glucose in photosynthesis?
it is transported as soluble sugars but stored as insoluble starch
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what happens to the glucose and starch in photosynethesis?
they can be converted to other substances in plants to be used for energy, growth and storage products
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what is glucose used for in photosynthesis?
energy respiration, which is carried out all of the time,providing energy to remain alive
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how does water enter a plant?
through root hairs
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what happens through the stomata of a plant?
carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves
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why is a broad leaf good?
it provides a large surface area for diffusion
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why is a thin leaf good?
provides a short distance for gases to diffuse
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why do leaves contain a number of pigments?
to absorb light from different parts of the spectrum
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what do leaves have for support and transport?
a network of vascular bundles
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what do guard cells do?
open and close the stomata
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what do air spaces allow?
they're in the spongy mesophyll and allow diffusion between the stomata and photosynthesising cells
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describe the epidermis and the palisade layer
the epidermis is transparent, and the palisade layer contains most of the chloroplasts
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the leafs internal surface area to volume ratio is?...
very large allowing efficient diffusion of substances into and out of the cells
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what do molecules do within diffusion?
molecules move in and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane
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what is diffusion?
it is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentratio, as a consequence of the random movement of individual particles
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what happens with water during osmosis?
water moves in and out of cells by osmosis through the cell membrane
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what is osmosis?
the movement of water across a partially-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low
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is osmosis a type of diffusion?
yes
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what does a plant cell wall do?
provides support
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what must healthy plants do?
balance water loss and water uptake
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what are xylem vessels?
they are the site of the transpiration stream : the movement of water and minerals from the roots to the shoot and the leaves
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what is the phloem?
it is the site of translocation : movement of food substances (sugar) up and down stems to growing and storage tissues
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what do both the xylem and phloem do?
they both form continuous systems in leaves, stems and roots
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what is transpiration?
it is the evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves
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list some things that increase the rate of transpiration
- increase in light intensity - increase in temperature - increase in air movement - decrease in humidity
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what does transpiration provide plants with?
it provides plants with water for cooling, photosynthesis, support and movement of minerals
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what do root hairs increase?
they increase the ability of roots to take up water by osmosis by increasing the surface area of roots
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what do fertalisers contain?
they contain minerals such as nitrates, phosphates, potassium and magnesium
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what do NPK values show?
they show the percentage of the fertiliser that is nitrates, phosphates and potassium
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what are nitrates used for?
they are used to make amino acids and are neede for cell growth
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what are phosphates used for?
they are used to make DNA and cell membranes, they are needed for respiration and growth
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what is potassium used for?
it is used to help enzymes, and is needed for respiration and photosynthesis
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what is magnesium used for?
it is used to make chlorophyll and are needed for photosynthesis
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where are minerals usually present?
they are usually present in soil in quite low concentration
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what is active transport?
active transport can move substances from low concentrations to high concentrations, across a cell membrane, using energy from respiration
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what is required for the process of decay?
microorganisms
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what are microoganisms used for?
they are used to break down human and plant waste
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what are detritavores?
they are animals that eat dead and decaying plants
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how do detritavores increase the rate of decay?
they increase the rate of decay by producing a larger surface area
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give some examples of detritavores
-earthworms, maggots and woodlice
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what are saphrophytes?
they are organisms that feed off dead and decaying material
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what do saphrophytes do?
they digest material by releasing enzymes onto the food to break it into simple, soluble substances, and then the digested food is absorbed
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what are pests?
they are any organisms that damage crops
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what do pesticides so?
they kill pests
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what does intensive farming mean?
it means trying to produce as much food as possible from the land, plants and animals available
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what is hydroponics?
it is growing plants without soil
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give some examples or hydroponics
glasshouse tomatos and plant growth in areas of barren soil
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although intensive farming may be efficient, what else?
it also raises ethical issues, such as loss of organic materials, and animal abuse
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what is organic farming?
it is farming where no artificial fertilisers or pesticides are used
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what is biological control?
it is the use of predators to reduce populations of pests
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name some organic farming techniques
use of animal manure and compost, weeding and varying seed planting times
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what assumptions have to be made with the capture-recapture method?

Back

- no death, immigration or emigration - identical sampling methods - marking does not effect survivial rate

Card 3

Front

what is an ecosystem?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is a habitat?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a community?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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