Biology unit 1
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- Created by: Sue.Kandi
- Created on: 06-05-17 22:13
What does one gram of fat release?
One gram of fat releases almost twice as much energy as one gram of carbohydrate, or one gram of protein.
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What happens, as a result of a clot blocking one of the arteries?
If a clot blocks one of the arteries that take oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, it will cause a heart attack. The cannot work so the heart cannot beat properly.
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What do saturated and unsaturated fats do?
Saturated fats are unhealthy and raise blood cholesterol levels.
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How is cholesterol carried in the blood?
Cholesterol is carried in the blood as Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which can cause heart disease & High-density lipoprotein which can protect against heart disease by helping to remove cholesterol from the walls of blood vessels.
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How does an epidemic or pandemic occur?
An epidemic occurs when a wide spread of people have a disease. A pandemic occurs when the disease affects the whole country or goes worldwide.
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What is a phagocyte?
Phagocytes are white blood cells which surround and ingest bacteria. This activity is called phagocytosis.
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How do phagocytes fight against infection?
Phagocytes move towards the bacteria and push out a sleeve of cytoplasm to surround the bacterium. The bacterium is now enclosed in a vacuole inside the cell. Enzymes within the cell digest and kill the bacterium.
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How do lymphocytes fight against infection?
Lymphocytes produce chemicals called antibodies which group round and stick to the pathogen. The pathogen may be killed directly or stick to other pathogens in clumps so that phagocytes can destroy them easily.
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How do lymphocytes destroy toxins produced by bacteria?
Some lymphocytes produce antitoxins that can stick to the toxins given off by bacteria and destroy them.
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Why do antibodies only target specific molecules of pathogens?
The end of antibodies molecules are Y shaped arms which come in different shapes and sizes. So they can only fit onto molecules om the pathogen if the shape fits.
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What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria inside your body without killing your own cells. E.g penicillin. They do not all work equally well against all kinds of bacteria.
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What happens when antibiotics are overused?
It could lead to a strain of resistant bacteria. This happens through natural selection.
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What is the MRSA?
(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) a.k.a 'superbug' is resistant to most antibiotics as a result of natural selection.
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What is the MMR vaccination?
This vaccination makes people immune to measles, mumps and rubella.
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How do vaccinations work?
A small amount of dead or inactive viruses that cause diseases are injected into the blood. White blood cells attack. The white blood cells remember how to make the antibody for that particular pathogen, the person then becomes immune.
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How do new diseases appear?
New infectious diseases appear when mutations occur in bacteria or viruses. Therefore new vaccinations need to be made.
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How can you avoid contamination?
Use sterile/ sterilise equipment, prevent unwanted microorganism entering nutrient medium, avoid touching/ breathing over agar jelly, dish sealed tight -prevent air contamination of microorganisms, cultures kept lower than 25°C.
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How are new strains of resistant bacterial formed?
Antibiotics kill individual pathogen which are non-resistant. Resistant pathogens survive and reproduce.
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What does the nervous system help us to do?
The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.
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What are receptors?
Cells called receptors detect stimuli (changes in the environment).
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What do receptors in the eye do?
Rod cells (eye receptors) at the back of the eye (retina) are sensitive to light. When 1 photon of light falls onto a rod cell, it generates an electric impulse which is sent to the optic brain. The brain uses patter of impulses to form an image.
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What do receptors in the ears do?
Receptors in the ears are sensitive to sound. Therefore they can detect noise. Receptors in the ears are sensitive to changes in position and enables us to keep our balance.
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What do receptors in the tongue and nose do?
Receptors on the tongue and in the nose that are sensitive to chemicals and enable us to taste and to smell.
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What do light receptors consists of?
Light receptors like most animals consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.
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How do you respond to changes in your surroundings?
Impulses from receptors pass along sensory neurons to the brain or spinal cord (CNS). Impulses are sent along motor neurons from the brain (CNS) to the effector organs.
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How is information carried in the nervous system?
Information is carried in the nervous system as electrical impulses.
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What are neurones or nerve cells?
Neurones or nerve cells are the cells that transmit electrical impulses.
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What are sensory neurones?
Sensory neurones are neurones that transmit impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.
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What are motor neurones?
Motor neurones are neurones that transmit impulses form the central nervous system to effectors. 'Motor' means movement, motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction.
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What are relay neurones?
Relay neurones carry impulses from one part of the CNS to the other.
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How are internal conditions of water controlled by the body?
Water leaves the body through lungs when we breathe out. Water is lost through skin when we sweat to cool down. Excess water is lost via kidneys in urine.
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How are internal conditions of ion content in the body controlled?
Ions are lost through the skin when we sweat. Excess ions are via kidneys in urine.
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Why do our bodies need to maintain the correct temperature?
Our bodies need to maintain the correct temperature (around 37°C) so that enzymes can function well.
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Why do blood sugar levels need to be controlled?
Blood sugar levels need to be controlled in order to provide the cells with a constant supply of energy.
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What do the kidneys help to control in the body?
The kidneys help to keep the balance of water and ions by varying the amount of water and salt excreted from your body in urine.
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How can you conserve water when in a desert?
Avoid exertion (physical/mental effort), stay in shade & keep cool, don't eat as digestion uses fluids, talk little, breathe through nose, don't lie on hot ground.
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What are hormones?
Hormones are chemical substances within the body which coordinate many processes. Hormones are secreted by glands and are usually transported to their target organs by the bloodstream.
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What do hormones do? State one example.
They regulate the functions of many organs and cells. E.g. The monthly release of an egg from a woman's ovaries + the changes in the thickness of the lining of her womb are controlled by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland & by the ovaries.
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How can you tell that plants are sensitive to light, moisture and gravity?
Plants are sensitive to light light because their shoots grow towards light and against the force of gravity. Plants are sensitive to moisture because their roots grow towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity.
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What is phototropism?
A growth response to light is a tropism called phototropism.
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What hormone do plants produce to control phototropism?
Auxin is a hormone produced by plants which makes cells in shoots get longer. When light shines on the shoot, auxin builds up on the shady side. The cells on the shady side get longer to bend towards the light.
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What is gravitropism or geotropism?
A growth response to gravity is called gravitropism or geotropism.
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What hormone do plants produce to control gravitropism or geotropism?
Auxin tends to accumulate (gather) on the lower side of a root. In roots auxin reduces rate of growth. So the lower side of the shoot grows slowly than upper side. This causes root to bend downwards.
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How do gardeners make the cuttings of plants grow roots?
By dipping the base of cutting into a powder or gel called rooting hormone which makes the cutting grow roots.
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How are plant growth hormones used in agriculture and horticulture?
Plant growth are used as weed killer and rooting hormones. The hormones make the the weeds grow very fast then die. The hormones only affect weeds as they have a different metabolism.
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What are recreational drugs?
Recreational drug use is when people take drugs because they make them feel different. Many recreational drugs are legal but still harmful e.g. alcohol.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What happens, as a result of a clot blocking one of the arteries?
Back
If a clot blocks one of the arteries that take oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, it will cause a heart attack. The cannot work so the heart cannot beat properly.
Card 3
Front
What do saturated and unsaturated fats do?
Back
Card 4
Front
How is cholesterol carried in the blood?
Back
Card 5
Front
How does an epidemic or pandemic occur?
Back
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