biology topic six

1. what are chromosomes?
2. what is DNA?
3.what does your DNA determine?
4. chromosomes usually come in____?
5.what is the structure of DNA?

1. really long molecules of DNA
2.the chemical that all genetic material in a cell is made up of.
3. what inherited characteristics you have.
4.pairs.
5. a polymer made up of two strands coiled in the shape of a double helix

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1. what is a gene?
2. what does a gene code for?
3.what does each gene code for?
4. how many amino acids are used to make thousands of proteins?
5. how do genes put the amino acids together?

2. a small section of DNA found on a chromosome.
2. a specific protein
3.a particular sequence of amino acids which are put together to make a specific protein.
4. 20
5.by telling cells what order to put them in.

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6.what does DNA also determine
7. whats a genome?
8.why is understanding the human genome important?

6.what proteins the cell produces (haemoglobin) and in turn determines what type of cell it is (red blood cell)
7. an entire set of genetic material in an organism
8.it allows scientists to identify genes that are linked to different type of diseases and

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9. what are the DNA strands made up of?
10. what does each nucleotide consist of?
11. what do the sugar and phosphate form?
12.what joins to each sugar?
13. what are these four bases?
14. what is complementary base pairing?
15. what do the order of the ba

9. polymers made from lots of repeating units called nucleotides.
10. a sugar, a phosphate group and one base.
11. a backbone to the DNA strands.
12. one of four bases
13. A, T, C or G
14.each base links with a base on the opposite side of the helix - A a

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1. where are proteins made?
2.how are they made?

1. in the cell cytoplasm on ribosomes.
2. ribosomes use the code in DNA. DNA in the nucleus is carried by mRNA which involves copying the DNA code and carrying it to the ribosomes. The correct amino acids are brought to the ribosomes in the correct order

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1.what are the functions of proteins?
2. what are mutations?
3.what can the chances of mutations be increased by?
4.what do mutations change?
5.how do mutations change a protein?

1.enzymes, hormone, and structural proteins (collagen).
2. random changes to the genetic code that can sometimes be inherited.
3.exposure to substances or some radiation
4.the sequence of the DNA bases in a gene which can lead to a change of protein.
5. i

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1. what are the three types of mutation?
2.what kind of cells does reproduction produce?
3.what process produces gametes?
4.in humans how many chromosomes do gametes contain?
5.what does asexual reproduction produce?

1. insertions, deletions and substitutions.
2. genetically different cells.
3. meiosis.
4. 23
5.genetically identical cells

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1.what do genetic diagrams show?
2. what is cystic fibrosis caused by?
3. what is caused by?
4. what did mendel do?
5. what are his three conclusions?

1.possible gamete combinations and possible alleles of offspring
2. a recessive allele
3. a dominant allele
4. mendel did genetic experiments with pea plants.
5. plant characteristics are caused by hereditary units, these are passed on unchanged to the of

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6. what is genetic variation and what causes it?
7.what is environmental variation and what does it do?
8. what causes variation in the body?
9. what did Charles Darwin call this?
10.what is the development of a new species called?

6. different genes cause inherited characteristics (looks)
7. conditions of the environment cause differences in members of the same species (getting a tan or yellow leaves)
8. cell mutation - leading to survival of the fittest.
9. evolution
10. specifica

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11. what is extinction and what causes it?
12.what is selective breeding?
13. whats the issue with selective breeding?

11. when no individuals of a species remain-new disease, predator or catastrophic event.
12. when humans artificially select plants or animals to breed for particular characteristics (cows that produce more milk or meat)
13. reduction in number of allele

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1.what is the idea of genetic engineering?
2. how does this work?
3. how can plants be cloned?
4. how do you make animal clones?

1. to transfer a gene responsible for a desired characteristic into another organism.
2. a useful gene is isolated and inserted into a vector (a virus or bacterial plasmid) and introduced to the target organism.
3. by tissue culture (plant cells put in a

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5. what is adult cell cloning?
6. what are the three ways fossils are produced?

5. you take the nucleus from an egg cell and put into an empty adult body cell, its stimulated into splitting via an electric shock.
6.gradual replacement by minerals as an item decays, from casts and impressions when an item is buried in something like c

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1. what is speciation?
2. what causes this?
3.how does bacteria evolve to become antibiotic resistant?

1. the development of a new species
2. isolation and natural selection.
3. a mutation in a bacteria cell may occur and lead to it being less effective to an antibiotic. this cell will live longer and so will reproduce more. this will overcome the bacteri

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1.what is classification
2.in the three domain system what are the three groups?
3. what are they then sub divided into?
4.what are organisms named according to?
5.what do evolutionary trees show?

1. organisation of living organisms into groups.
2. archae, bacteria and eukaryota
3.kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
4. the binomial system - latin name
5. evolutionary relationships

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biology topic six

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