Biology Topic 7 Specification

?
What are antagonistic pairs?
Two muscles that work by pulling a bone to and fro. When one extends, the other flexes.
1 of 48
What are extensors?
Muscles that allow the joint to extend.
2 of 48
What are flexors?
Muscles that allow a joint to bend back from extension (flex).
3 of 48
What are muscles?
They allow the movement of a joint through coordinated action of extensors and flexors.
4 of 48
What are tendons?
They attach muscle to bone, which gives muscles the power to enable joint movement.
5 of 48
What are ligaments?
What holds bone to bone in order to keep them in place. This restricts the amount of movement around the joint, which allows movement of joint to be strong yet flexible.
6 of 48
How does the process of sliding filament theory uncover the myosin head binding site?
A nerve arrives at the neuromuscular junction, release ca ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca ions attach to troponin molecule allowing it to move, which causes tropomyosin to move, exposing the myosin head binding site to be exposed.
7 of 48
What happens in the sliding filament theory when the myosin head binding site is exposed?
Myosin head binds to the site on the actin. The myosin head changes shape, meaning it nods foreward. This causes the movement of the filament as the actin is pulled over the myosin. The myosin head then detatches, and its shape is returned.
8 of 48
What role does ATP have in sliding filament theory?
ADP and Pi is released when myosin head binds. Then ATP molecule binds to myosin to release it after contraction. ATPase on myosin head hydrolyses ATP to ADP and Pi.
9 of 48
What is glycolysis?
Glycogen is converted to glucose. Two phosphates from ATP are added to give initial energy. Makes phophorylated 3 carbon compound. This then oxidised to make pyruvate. Two hydrogens removed in reaction and taken up by coenzyme NAD.
10 of 48
Why is glycolysis an example of substrate-level phosphorylation?
Because glucose has a higher energy level than pyruvate, so some energy is available to make ATP. Phosphates from the intermediate compound is transferred to ADP to make ATP.
11 of 48
What is the link reaction?
Where pyruvate is decarboxylated, releasing a carbon dioxide molecule, and dehydrogenated, where it releases 2 hydrogen which are taken up by coenzyme NAD to form reduced NAD. Pyruvate then becomes acetyl coenzyme A after combined with coenzyme A.
12 of 48
What is the Kreb cycle?
The acytl coenzyme A combines with 4C to create 6C. It is then decarboxylated twice and dehydrogenated four times. This means that four pairs of hydrogen atoms are released, one taken up by FAD, and two CO2 molecules are released.
13 of 48
What happens to the hydrogen atoms released in the link reaction and the kreb cycle?
Reduced coenzymes carry hyrdogen and electrons to ETC on inner mitochondrial membrane. H Move across membrane creating high H conc in intermembrane space. They diffuse back down electrochemical gradient. Combine with electrons and O2 to form water.
14 of 48
What happens to the electrons from the link reaction and kreb cycle?
The become part of the electron transport chain, and travel across it in a series of redox reactions. They then join with hydrogen ions to form hydrogen atoms, and then oxygen to form water. Oxygen is the final electron carrier.
15 of 48
How is ATP made through the fate of hydrogen?
The diffusion of hydrogen ions allows ATP synthase to catalyse ATP synthesis.
16 of 48
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Hydrogen ions diffuse down ATP synthase embedded in membrane. This allows ATPase to synthesise ATP sythesis. Hydrogen electrons and oxygen form water.
17 of 48
What is the role of glycolysis in anaerobic respiration?
Not enough oxygen, so the hydrogens from glycolysis are combined with pyruvate to form lactate after being carried by reduced NAD. This cause pH of cell to fall due to hydrogen ions blocking charges of enzymes active site.
18 of 48
What happens to lactate after anaerobic respiration?
Lactate is converted back to pyruvate, however a lot more oxygen in the body is needed due to an oxygen debt that's built up. Some lactate is also converted to glycogen and stored in the muscle or liver.
19 of 48
What is myogenic, and why is the heart myogenic?
Myogenic means something can work without external sources. Our heart is myogenic as it can contract without external nervous stimuli.
20 of 48
How does the heart beat?
The SAN is depolarised and contracts. This sends impulse to the AVN. There is a delay, and then impulse sent to ventricles. Reaches purkyne fibres, and conducts to apex of ventricles, in bundle of His. Ventricles depolarise. Contraction.
21 of 48
What is an ECG?
It is an electrocardiogram gram, used to measure the cardiac cycle by detecting the a change in polarisation.
22 of 48
What is a p wave?
Depolarisation of the atria which leads to it contracting.
23 of 48
What is the PR interval?
Time taken for impulse to travel from SAN to AVN.
24 of 48
What is the QRS complex?
Depolarisation that causes the ventricles to contract.
25 of 48
What is a t wave?
The re polarisation of the ventricles during the heart relaxation.
26 of 48
How can ECG show ventircular fibrilation?
There is irregular stimulation making them contract in a weak and uncoordinated manner. On an ECG the tidal volume will be all over the place.
27 of 48
How can ECG show abnormal rhythms that can lead to cardiac arrest?
When the gaps between the tidal waves are extremely small.
28 of 48
How can an ECG show hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Abnormalities in the tidal volumes.
29 of 48
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume x Heart rate
30 of 48
What is the nervous control of heart rate?
The cardiovascular control centre detects accumulation of CO2, lactate, amount of oxygen, and increased temperature. Impulses are sent to the cardiovascular centre resulting in increased heart rate
31 of 48
How is breathing controlled?
CO2 dissolves in blood plasma making carbonic acid. This dissolves into h+ and HCO3- lowering blood pH. Chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen ions in ventilation centre. This detects the rise. Impulses sent to other parts of ventilation centre.
32 of 48
What do the impulses sent from the ventilation centre do?
They stimulate the muscles involved in breathing.
33 of 48
What is the structure of a muscle fibre?
Has cytoplasm containing mitochondria. Also myofibrils, which are made of sarcomeres, which are made of actin and myosin.
34 of 48
What is a slow twitch fibres?
For short suistained conration. Lots of mitochondria, Lots of myoglobin, access to many capillaries. Fatigue resistant. Little sarcoplasmic reticulum.
35 of 48
What are fast twitch fibres?
Fatigue easy due to build up of lactate. Little mitochondria. Many sarcoplasmic reticulum. Few capillaries.
36 of 48
What is negative feedback?
Keeping the conditions in the body at a norm point. Receptors detect deviation from the norm, which turns to the control centre, which turns on or off effectors. This takes it back to the norm. This is why there are fluctuations around a narrow range
37 of 48
What is positive feedback?
The output from the control centre moves the condition further away from the norm rather than back to it.
38 of 48
What is thermoregulation?
The control of temperature in the body.
39 of 48
What happens in the heat loss centre?
Sweat glands are stimulated to secrete sweat. However, hair erector muscles, skeletal muscles, liver, and contraction of arterioles in skin are inhibited.
40 of 48
What happens in the heat gain centre?
Arterioles in the skin constriction, hair erector muscles, liver, and skeletal muscles are stimulated. Sweat glands are inhibited.
41 of 48
Advantages to moderate exercise?
Increases number and activity of lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
42 of 48
Disadvantages of vigorous exercise?
Less numbers of b cells, t helper cells, natural killer cells, and phagocytes. Damage to joints is also possible, such as cartilidge wearing away, swelling of fluid sacs, dislocation or damage to ligaments.
43 of 48
What are the advantages of keyhole surgery?
Smaller hole for incision. Less chance of internal damage. Less chance of infection. Less recover time.
44 of 48
What are prosthesis?
An artificial body part used by someone with a disability to enable him or her to regain some degree of normal function or appearance.
45 of 48
How do transcription factors work?
They initiate transcription by binding to the piece of DNA adjacent to the gene alongside RNA polymerase. This forms a transcription-initiate complex.
46 of 48
How can transcription factors be blocked?
By a protein repressor molecule attaching to the DNA. This blocks the attachment site for the transcription factors. Can also attach to transcription factors themselves.
47 of 48
What are the ethics behind performance enhancing drugs?
It is good because people have choice to take it, potential benefit worth the risk. However, can cause illness or death, and unfair competition.
48 of 48

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are extensors?

Back

Muscles that allow the joint to extend.

Card 3

Front

What are flexors?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are muscles?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are tendons?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Biological molecules, organic chemistry and biochemistry resources »