biofuels

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Name a reference for categories of biorefining
Cherubini 2010 - mechanical, thermochemical, biochemical, chemical
1 of 49
Define biorefining
IEA 2008 - sustainable processing of biomass into marketable products and energy
2 of 49
Reference for carbon pricing
IPCC 2007 - cost per 1 ton of CO2 released
3 of 49
Reference for problems/drivers with/of biofuels
Bioethics of biofuels report by Nuffield
4 of 49
Reference for issues with biofuels can only be overcome through policy
NNFCC news review 2019
5 of 49
Reference for LCA of biorefineries
Cherubini et al 2009
6 of 49
Reference for what changes emissions
Larson 2005
7 of 49
Name a feedstock for cellulosics
switch grass - low nutrient
8 of 49
What % increase in food demand do we need by 2050
70%
9 of 49
What % of GHG emissions are from energy
50-60%
10 of 49
What are the UK targets for GHG emission reductions
- 10% by 2020, -30% by 2030
11 of 49
By what year and what % will the EU be dependent on energy imports
by 2030 and 70% dependent on imports
12 of 49
What is the US biodiesel demand
60 billion gallons per year
13 of 49
What was said in the EU sustainability criteria
Biofuels MUST make at least 50% GHG savings from 2017 onwards
14 of 49
How much more water do biofuels require than other energy sources
70-400 times more
15 of 49
How much water does agriculture require
70%
16 of 49
How much food waste per year
7 million tonnes
17 of 49
2 examples of red biotechnology
Vitamin B2 (waste and cost reduced by 50%, B2 needed for absorbing nutrients) and antibiotic cephalexin (old method = 30-40kg waste per 1kg product)
18 of 49
2 examples of white biotechnology
1) removal of textile bleach (reduced cycles and no hydrogen peroxide) 2) bioplastics (not as effective)
19 of 49
How much non- degradable plastic enters ocean annually?
12.7 million tonnes
20 of 49
2 examples of green biotechnology
1) biofuels 2) bioleaching of copper in China
21 of 49
How much world wide copper from bioleaching?
20%
22 of 49
Reference for algae open pond system
Weissman and tillet = high yields in 7 warmest months
23 of 49
3 ways to get oil out of algae
1) enzymes degrade cell walls, 2) osmotic shock, 3) ultrasonic assisted extraction
24 of 49
How much does Gussing make per year ($)
9 million
25 of 49
4 methods of pretreatment of 2nd gen bioethanol
1), Adic hydrolysis and high temps, 2) steam explosion 3) wet oxidisation 4) Alkaline
26 of 49
Composition of lignocellulose with %s
cellulose 40-50% (easy to access), hemicellulose 20-30% (complicated, branched/unbranched), lignin rest
27 of 49
When was mexican tortilla riot
2007
28 of 49
What percentage of vehicles used bioethanol in BRAZIL
95% in 1990
29 of 49
When was the oil crisis
1970s
30 of 49
What % GHG avoidance did BRAZIL have
80-90% less GHG released. Sugar cane zoning protects areas
31 of 49
When was the federal clean air act
1950s (after war) and 1990
32 of 49
Two types of pretreatment for 1st gen bioethanol
Wet milling (kernals extracted before fermentation), dry milling (grinding not soaking, less thermal energy and water)
33 of 49
Direct environmental impacts of biofuels
1) land use change 2) GHG emissions 3) Eutrophication 4) Acidification 5) pesticide toxicity
34 of 49
What is 1st gen biodiesel made from
triglyceride (glycerol and 3 fatty acids) and monohydroxy alcohol
35 of 49
What % reduced C emisison if use biomethane from municipal waste
80%
36 of 49
Casestudy of successful algae plant
Collorado: closed system suspended inside pond (5x more efficient than open pond system alone)
37 of 49
what % independency is Gussing atm
45% but potential to be 100%
38 of 49
Define biotechnology
techniques which use living organisms to create new products and processes. Coined in 1917 by Karl Ereky to produce bacon from pigs using sugar beet
39 of 49
What is the energy difference between cellulosic energy and fossil energy
10 units of energy per 1 unit of fossil energy
40 of 49
Reference for algae as feedstock
environmental science technology 2009 - algal blooms used in biotechnology
41 of 49
Reference for economic/environmental impacts of biofuels
Demirbas 2009
42 of 49
What % of the total cost of biodiesel is feedstock
75-80%
43 of 49
How much more profitable is it to make sugar cane in Braszil than europe
Costs less than 1/2
44 of 49
What % does plant size effect cost
15-20%
45 of 49
What did Red II directive 2018 say
No palm oil
46 of 49
What does Cardenas-fernandez 2017 say
1) integrated biorefinery concept using sugar beet 2)Sugar beet pulp = animal feed and bioethanol (cellulos)and pharmaceutical products
47 of 49
Drawbacks of cellulosics using microbes
Break lignin into phenolics during separation which are antimicrobial
48 of 49
What is the golden sentence
Need alternative fuel to mitigate fourthcoming effects of conventional fuel shortage
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define biorefining

Back

IEA 2008 - sustainable processing of biomass into marketable products and energy

Card 3

Front

Reference for carbon pricing

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Reference for problems/drivers with/of biofuels

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Reference for issues with biofuels can only be overcome through policy

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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