Introductory Microbiology

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  • Created by: JAlderman
  • Created on: 02-05-19 17:03
Organisms studied by microbioligists are split into 2 catagories. What are these catagories ?
Cellular and Acellular
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Acellular are ?
Viruses
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Viruses are techniqually not counted as living. True or False ?
True (but in mircobiology we count them as living)
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Name the kingdoms of the cellular organisms which are studied in Microbiology.
Fungi, Archaea, Bacteria, Protists
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What are the names of the other 2 kingdoms within the kingdoms of life.
Plants and Animals
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E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are part of what kingdom ?
Bacteria
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Methanibrevibacter smithii, Nanoarchaeum equitans and Thermococcus litoralis are part of what kingdom ?
Archaea
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HIV, Ebola and Bacteriophage lambda are part of what kingdom ?
Viruses
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Malaria protozoa, Red algae and Toxoplasma gondii are part of what kingdom ?
Protists
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Bread mold, Candida albicans and Penicillium chrysogenum are part of what kingdom ?
Fungi
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Liver fluke, Mites and Ticks are part of what kingdom ?
Animals
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Give the definition of microscopic.
Organisms and acellular biological entities too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye
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Give the definition of unicellular.
Organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.
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Organisms studied in microbiology are microscopic; what is the benefit of these organisms being so small ?
Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume -> Support greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume -> Tend to grow faster than larger cells.
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What impact do microorganisims have on life ? (4 things)
Origins -Originators of Life, Biosphere -Keepers of the Biosphere, Symbiosis -Dangerous Friends and Friendly Enemies, Future -Creators of the Future.
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What is the estimated number of microbial species ?
1000, 000 million (10 to the power of 12)
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1ml of seawater contains ? of bacteria.
1 million.
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1ml of seawater contains ? of viruses.
10 million.
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1g of soil contains ? of bacteria.
1 billion.
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99.999% of microbial taxa remain undiscovered. True or False ?
True
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Give a simple definition of a Biosphere.
The portion of the earth that supports life.
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Name the 7 boundries of life (BioSpace- biological zoo model).
Temperature, Radiation, Pressure, Salt, Oxygen Availability, pH and Water Availability.
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All ? life was microbial.
Precambrian
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Give a definition of abiogenesis.
The original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances.
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Explain the theory of spontaneous generation.
Life arose spontaneously from nonliving material as these processes were common. e.g. maggots come from dead flesh.
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Francesco Redi - showed that maggots only appeared in the vessels to which flies had access; what year ?
1668
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This ended the common belief of spontaneous generation. True or False ?
False; This theory persisted for another 200 years.
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Redi Experiment involved ?
Rotting meat was put in 3 jars; one left open, another tightly sealed and the final one covered with cloth. The flies/maggots could not "develop" on the meat of jars covered.
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Who would later disprove spontaneous generation ?
Pasteur
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What year did this happen ?
1861
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What experiment did pasteur use to disprove spontaneous generation ?
Swan-necked flask experiment.
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Microbes are used in what 3 main nutrient cycles ?
Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen cycles.
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Oxygen cycle includes ?
Photosynthesis and Respiration
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Define decomposition.
The breakdown of organic substances into simple organic matter.
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Microbes are used for ?
Biotechnology (antibiotics, biofuels), Bioremediation (helping damaged environment), Industrial fermentation (feed a growing population) and treating wastewater.
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Name the 3 Eon's of the Precambrian period; starting with the earliest.
Hadean Eon, Archean Eon and Proterzoic Eon.
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Name 5 characteristics of living organisms.
Cellular organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis and Evolution
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When did the Hadean Eon start ?
Around 4.5 billion years ago.
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Liquid water appeared ? years ago.
4.3 billion
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Evidence for life was around ? years ago.
4.1 billion
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What are microfossils ?
Fossilized microbiall mats of filamentous prokaryotes and trapped sediment.
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What were the conditions of the Hadean Eon ?
Raw materials (from volcanoes, deep-sea vents and meteorites), cosmic and ultraviolet radiation and energy from lightning.
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What are the conditions of life ?
Matter of life, Solvent of life, Energy of life and Physical & chemical conditions of life.
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Name the 6 basic elements (Matter of life).
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous and Sulfur.
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What is the solvent of life ?
Water.
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What is the energy of life ?
Light or Chemical.
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What are the physical and chemical conditions of life ?
Temperature, Pressure, Radiation, pH, Salt concentration, Water availability, Oxygen Availability
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What is thought to be contained in the atmosphere of early earth ?
Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Water vapour, Hydrogen sulfide and Methane
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Name the macromolecules of life ?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids.
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Name the 2 main models that explain how organic molecules formed.
Prebiotic soup hypothesis (Formed near Earth's surface) and Iron-sulfur world hypothesis (formed from ocean floor- deep hydrothermal vent).
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Name a hydrothermal vent.
Black smoker.
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Who formed the Prebiotic soup hypothesis and how ?
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey- they formed amino acids and other organic molecules by exposing a mixture of H2, CH4, H2O and NH3 to an electric discharge that simulated lightning.
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Explain the molecules that lead to cellular life ?
Building blocks -> RNA -> Proteins -> DNA
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Name 4 types of RNA ?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and Ribozymes
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Ribozyme was discovered by who and when ?
Discoverd by Tom Cech in 1982.
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What is meant by Ribozyme ?
RNA can act as an enzyme.
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What is LUCA ?
Population of early cells from which cellular life may have diverged into ancestors of modern-day Bacteria and Archaea.
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What does LUCA stand for ?
Last Universal Common Ancestor.
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First life forms were in the ? Eon.
Archaean Eon (4-2.7 Billion years ago).
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2 Main forms of cellular life ?
Bacteria and Archaea.
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Metabolism of these cells ?
Energy source and Carbon source
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Name the three main types of energy source organism names.
Chemoorganotrophs, Chemolithotrophs and Phototrophs.
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What are Chemoorganotrophs ?
Organisms which get energy from organic chemicals (e.g. glucose).
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What are Chemolithotrophs ?
Organisms which get their energy from inorganic chemicals (e.g. H2).
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What are phototrophs ?
Organisms which get their energy from light.
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Name the two main types of carbon source organism names.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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Define autotroph.
Can “fix” carbon, uses CO2 as its carbon source to build structures and other bio- molecules uses.
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Define heterotrophs.
Use environmentally-obtained organic compounds (not carbon) to build structures and other bio- molecules.
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Name the closest descendants of acient microbes.
Hyperthermophiles
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Name the phylum of bacteria which is photosynthetic and can produce oxygen.
Cyanobacteria.
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In Prokaryotes photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. True or False ?
False- Occurs in chlorosomes.
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State the types of energy sources used with the date- Earliest to most recent.
Inorganic compounds (around 4 Billion years ago), Organic (around 4 Billion years ago), sun- anoxygenic (3.6 Billion years ago), sun- oxygenic (2.7 Billion years ago) and Aerobic (2.3 Billion years ago).
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At the start (2.7 billion years ago) of the ? Eon there was the great ? event.
Proterozoic Eon. Great Oxidation Event.
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What formed during the Great Oxidation Event that protected earths surface from UV radiation ?
Ozone shield.
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From 2 billion years ago to the end of the precambrian period, what life form started to form ?
Eukaryotes
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What process is believed to form eukaryotic cells ?
Endosymbiosis
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Explain this.
An prokaryotic host cell invaginated aerobic bacteria (which became mitochondria) and (if plant or some protists) photosynthetic bacteria (which became chloroplasts).
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Card 4

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Card 5

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