Basic nutrition

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Name the 6 essential nutrients?
Water, protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals and vitamins
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What calculation is used for the maintenance water requirements of dogs and cats?
50ml/kg/24hrs
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Name three situations/life stages where additional water may be necessary
Lactation, due to exercise and vomit/diarrhoea, severe burns, polyuria, increased temperature, sx (severe bleeding)
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Name the main building blocks of protein and what joins these together?
Amino acids and peptide bonds
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How many essential amino acids are there for the following species?
Cats- 11 Dogs - 10 Horses -10
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Name the essential amino acids
Phenlylalanine, valine, tryptohpan, threnonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine and taurine
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With regards to essential amino acids, why are cats obligate carnivores?
Taurine is only found in animal tissues - not plant proteins
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What is the term used to describe the quality of proteins?
Biological value
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What is an alternative name for carbohydrates?
Saccharides
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What are the main building blocks of carbohydrates?
Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
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Which category of carbohydrate does glucose belong to?
Monosaccharides
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What are carbohydrates consisting of 8 monosaccharides joined together called?
Oligosaccharides
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Give an example of a polysaccharide and a source of it?
Starch - potatoes
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Name 2 benefits of dietary fibre?
Regulates intestinal gut transit time, maintains the structural integrity of the gut mucosa and regulates blood glucose
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A fat with 2 0r more double bonds is classified as?
Polyunsaturated
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What are 2 essential fatty acids in cats?
Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
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Fatty acids are the basic building blocks of fat, what are they joined together with?
Glycerol molecules
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What is nutrtion
The science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism
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What are energy producing nutrients?
Proteins, farts and carbohydrates
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What are non-energy producing nutrients?
Water, vitamins and minerals
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What are macronutrients?
Nutrients that are relatively required in large amounts
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What are micronutrients?
Nutrients that are relatively required in small amounts
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What are the roles of water?
Digestion and absorption of food, maintain proper muscle tone, supply oxygen and nutrients to cells, rid body of wastes and temperature regulation
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What are the sources of protein?
Beans/lentils/chickpeas/meat/ eggs
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How many amino acids are there?
23 - animals need all 23 of them
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What are the amino acids called?
Essential amino acods
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What are proteins required for?
DNA synethesise, providing strength with flexibility in ligaments/tendons and cartilage, transport of other nutrients, an energy source, tissue growth and repair, protection against infection, regulation of metabolism, structural role in cell walls
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What are proteins required for?
Hormone and enzyme synethesis, movement of muscle contraction
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A protein is said to have a high BV if it supplies the essential amino acids in amounts which?
Closely match an animals specific requirement and highly absorbable and well retained (high digestibility)
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Summarise quantities of protein required with different biological values?
Protein with a high bv is needed in reduced quantities compared to protein with a low bv, because the necessary amino acids will be supplied more easily + efficiently
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How do reptiles and bird species excrete waste product?
As uric acid
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What are the signs of excess protein ?
Weight gain, exacerbate kidney and liver problems, speed up growth, development orthpaedic problems in young large breed dogs
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What are the signs of protein deficiency?
Poor growth, weight loss, dull hair/coat, muscle wasting/atrophy, increased susceptibility to disease, oedema and death
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The primary function of carbohydrate is what?
An energy source
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What are the three major types of carbohydrates?
Simple, complex and dietary fibre (roughage)
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Define disaccharide
Double sugars composed of a combination of any single sugar linked together. Examples include: maltose, sucrose and lactose
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Define monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrate. Examples include: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar)
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Define oligosaccharide
A carbohydrate consisting of relatively small numbers (3-10) simple sugars
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What is so different about fibre?
Relatively undigestible food within the gut (dogs+cats), usually from plants and provide bulk to the faeces
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Name examples of simple carbohydrates?
Milk, fruits and sugar
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Name examples of complex carbohydrates?
Grains, cereals such as rice, barley, oat. Also in some root veg: parsnips and potatoes
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Name examples of dietary fibres (roughage)
Cereals, fruits and vegetables
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What are the functions of simple carbohydrates and starches?
Provision of energy, synthesis of other essential body components e.g RNA and DNA, source of fibre
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What are the function of dietary fibres?
Low energy content - aids correction and prevention of obesity, regulations intestinal gut transit time and bowel movements, maintains structural integrity of gut mucosa
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Signs of carbohydrate deficiency include:
Lack of energy, constipation (rregular bowel movements) and lack of protein for tissue repair and growth
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Signs of excess carbohydrate include:
Obesity, irregular bowel movement diarrhoea
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Define saturated
Have single bonds only between the carbon atoms and no double bonds
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Define monosatured
Have one double bond
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Define polyunsatured
Have two or more double bonds
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Dietary fat is part of a group of compounds known as what?
Lipids
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What are the tree fatty acids?
Linoleic acid, linolenic and arachidonic acid
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What must dogs have in their diet and what can they synthesize?
Linoleic - must have in the diet and linolenic and arachidonic - can synthesize
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What must cats have in their diet and what can they synthesize?
Linoleic and arachiodonic - must have in the diet and linolenic - can synthesize
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What are the functions of fats?
Provide energy, aid absorption of fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, insulation, increase palatability, provide essential fatty acids and synthesis of hormones (especially steroids)
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Excess fat can lead to what?
Obesity, pancreatitis, hepatic dysfunction, heart disease, arthritis and infertility
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Signs associated with fatty acid deficiency include?
Dull/scruffy coat, hair loss, fatty liver, anaemia, impaired fertility and healing
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Vitamins can be divided in two 2 groups known as?
Fat soluble and water soluble
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Define fat soluble vitamin
Absorbed from the gut along with fat and can be stored in the body, so that a daily intake is not required. As they can be stored in the body it makes them less prone to deficiencies but more prone to toxicities
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Define water soluble vitamin
Absorbed via active transport and are not stored in the body in significant amounts and excesses are excreted in urine. A daily intake is required and a deficiency may occur at times of excessive water loss e.g. polyuria or d+
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What are fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A, D, E and K
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What are water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C
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What are the 3 functions of minerals in the body?
Structural components (calcium in bone and teeth), body fluid constituents (sodium in blood) and catalysts (iodine in thyroid function)
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Essential minerals for mammals are split into 2 categories known as?
Macrominerals (needed in large amounts) Microcminerals (needed in small amounts)
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What components are macrominerals?
Calcium, chloride, sodium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium
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What components are microminerals?
Iodine, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, chromium
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Which vitamin helps support the immune system?
Vitamin C
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Which species if vitamin c essential for, and what condition could develop as a result of deficiency?
Guinea pigs, scurvy
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Which vitamin is required for the absorption of calcium and needs sunlight for its production?
Vitamin D
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What is Vitamin D also known as?
Calciferol
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What condition can deficiency in Vitamin D lead to in young animals?
Rickets
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Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting cascade?
Vitamin K
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Which dietery sources can Vitamin K be found in?
Liver, meat and spinach
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What vitamin is a powerful antiotoxidant which helps to maintain cell membrane integrity?
Vitamin E
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What are some signs of deficiencies of vitamin E in cats?
Inflammation of fat tissue, damage to heart and muscles
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What are some signs of deficiencies of vitamin E in dogs?
Dysfunction of skeletal muscles, reduced reproduction and dysfunctional immune syste,
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Vitamin A is most important for eye health and vision. What else is this vitamin required for?
Bone and muscle growth, reproduction and immunity
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Is vitamin A essential for cats and dogs?
Dogs no as can metabolise it from carotene. Yes for cats as required in diet.
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What vitamin is synthesized by bacteria in the gut?
Vitamin K
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Niacin (B3)
Deficiencies in this vitamin can cause a condition called Pellagra
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Biotin (B7)
This vitamin is produced in sufficient amounts by the intestinal bacteria in dogs
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Thiamine (B1)
This vitamin is important in work horses as it helps the breakdown of lactic acid
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Folic acid (B9)
This vitamin plays a role in DNA synthesis
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Pantothenic acid (B5)
This vitamin plays a role in antibody response
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Name the 2 macro minerals must be balanced to maintain bone health?
Clacium and phosphorus
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Which other macro mineral assists in absorption of minerals?
Magnesium
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Which 3 macro minerals are the main electrolytes involved in body water and osmotic balance?
Chloride, potassium and sodium
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What dietary sources can macro minerals be found in?
Salts, meat, vegetables, fish and eggs
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Which macro mineral can contribute to the formation of struvite crystals if in excess in the diet?
Magnesium
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Hyperthyroid cats are fed a diet low in this micro mineral to restrict the function of thyroid gland what is it called?
Iodine
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Which micro mineral has involvement in wound healing?
Zinc
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What calculation is used for the maintenance water requirements of dogs and cats?

Back

50ml/kg/24hrs

Card 3

Front

Name three situations/life stages where additional water may be necessary

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name the main building blocks of protein and what joins these together?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many essential amino acids are there for the following species?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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