Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry and Alaknes

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Define an electrophile
An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron-rich centre where it accepts the pair of electrons
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Define a nuleophile
An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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What is heterolytic fission?
The breaking of a covalent bond with both the bonded electrons going to one of the two atoms, forming a cation and an anion
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What is homolytic fission?
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
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What is an intermediate?
A species that forms during a reaction that reacts further and is not present in the final products e.g. a carbocation
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... is the first stage in a radical reaction when a covalent bond is broken by homolytic fission
Initiation
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What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
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What are stereoisomers?
Compunds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
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What is a homologus series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties due to having the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP and whose successive members differ only by the addition of a -CH2 unit
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What is a functional group?
The part of the organic molecule largely responsible for the molecule's chemical properties
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What is an Aliphatic chain?
A hydrocarbon chain which is straight branched or non-aromatic
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What is an Alicyclic chain?
A chain where the carbon atoms are held in a ring shape that is not aromatic
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What are aromatic compounds?
Compounds containing a benzene ring- a six carbon ring with the formula C6H6
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What is the Alkyl group general formula?
CnH2n+1
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What is an alkyne?
A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond
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What is the structural formula?
A formula which shows the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule- a shorthand displayed formula- e.g. CH3(CH2)5CH3 for heptane
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what do a stereoisomers require?
A double bond
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What is an E isomer?
Where the groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
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What is a Z isomer?
Where the groups are on the same side of the double bond
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What is cis isomer?
A Z isomer where the two groups on the same side of the double bond are the same
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What is a trans isomer?
An E isomer where the two groups on opposite sides of the double bond are the same
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Describe Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Nomenclature method
The carbon with the atom with the highest atomic number on it is carbon 1. The atom with the highest atomic number is given priority. The other atom on carbon one is given second highest priority even if an atom on C2 has a higher atomic number.
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What happens in an addition reaction?
An electrophile is reacted with an unsaturated hydrocarbon producing a haloalkane
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What happens during a substitution reaction?
The halogen on a haloalkane is extremely electronegative- so when a nucleophile comes near it it is easy for them to swap places.
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what does an elimination reaction involve?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one e.g. a saturated molecule and an acid catalyst react to form an unsaturated molecule and a nucleophile
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define a nuleophile

Back

An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Card 3

Front

What is heterolytic fission?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is homolytic fission?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is an intermediate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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