Chemistry Unit Two Defintions

Defintions for Unit Two of the course 

?
Unit Two- Chains, Energy and Resources
Module One- Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons
1 of 119
1. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry
2 of 119
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only
3 of 119
Saturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only
4 of 119
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds.
5 of 119
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
6 of 119
Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
A hyrdocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
7 of 119
Functional Group
The part of the organic molecule repsonsible for its chemical reactions.
8 of 119
Homologous Series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
9 of 119
Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
10 of 119
2. Naming Hydrocarbons
2. Naming Hydrocarbons
11 of 119
Nomenclature
A system of naming compounds
12 of 119
Alkyl Group
An alkane with a hydrogen removed, CH3 or C2H5. It is often shown as R
13 of 119
4. Formulae of Organic Compounds
4. Formulae of Organic Compounds.
14 of 119
General Formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
15 of 119
Displayed Formula
The relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
16 of 119
5. Structural and Skeletal Formula
5. Structural and Skeletal Formula
17 of 119
Structural Formula
Shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
18 of 119
Skeletal Formula
A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from all alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
19 of 119
7. Isomerism
7 Isomerism
20 of 119
Structural Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms
21 of 119
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with different arrangement of the atoms in space
22 of 119
E/Z isomerism
A type of steroisomerism in which a different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
23 of 119
Cis-trans Isomerism
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: the cis isomer (Z isomer) has the H atoms on the same side, the trans isomer (E isomer) has the H atoms on different sides
24 of 119
8. Organic Reagents and their Reactions
8. Organic Reagents an their Reactions
25 of 119
Homolytic Fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atoms forming two radicals
26 of 119
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
27 of 119
Hetreolytic Fission
The breaking form a covalent bond with the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms forming a cation (+ ion) and an anion (- ion)
28 of 119
Nucleophile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient center or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
29 of 119
Electrophile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich center or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to forma a new covalent bond
30 of 119
Addition Reaction
A reaction in which a reaction is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
31 of 119
Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. 2 reactants --> 2 products
32 of 119
Elimination Reaction
The removal of a electron from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. 1 reactant --> 2 products
33 of 119
9. Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil
9. Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil
34 of 119
Fractional Distillation
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling points (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation usually using a fractioning column
35 of 119
10. Hydrocarbons as Fuels
10. Hydrocarbons as Fuels
36 of 119
Cracking
The breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of a shorter chained alkanes and alkenes
37 of 119
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
38 of 119
12. Substitution Reactions of Alkanes
12. Substitution Reactions of Alkanes
39 of 119
Radical Substitution
A type of substituion in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms
40 of 119
Mechanism
A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
41 of 119
Initiation
The first step in radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated from ultraviolet radiation
42 of 119
Propagation
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.
43 of 119
Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
44 of 119
13. Alkenes
13. Alkenes
45 of 119
Pi-Bond
The reactive part of double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals
46 of 119
15.Further Addition Reactions of Alkenes
15.Further Addition Reactions of Alkenes
47 of 119
Electrophilic Addition
A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich center or atom where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
48 of 119
Carbocation
A organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
49 of 119
Curly Arrow
Symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
50 of 119
17. Industrial Importance of Alkenes
17. Industrial Importance of Alkenes
51 of 119
Polymer
A long molecular chain built up from polymer units
52 of 119
Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
53 of 119
Addition Polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain
54 of 119
Addition Polymer
A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules
55 of 119
18. Polymer Chemistry
18. Polymer Chemistry
56 of 119
Repeating Unit
A specfic arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again.Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n
57 of 119
19.Polymers- Dealing with Our Waste
19. Polymers- Dealing with Our Waste
58 of 119
Biodegradable Material
A material that is borken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
59 of 119
Unit Two-Chains, Energy and Resources
Module Two- Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Analysis
60 of 119
2. Properties of Alcohols
2. Properties of Alcohols
61 of 119
Volatility
The ease that liquid turns into a gas. Volatility increases as boiling point decreases
62 of 119
3. Combustion and Oxidation of Alcohols
3. Combustion and Oxidation of Alcohols
63 of 119
Reflux
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
64 of 119
4. Esterification and Dehydration of Alcohols
4. Esterfication and Dehydration of Alcohols
65 of 119
Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
66 of 119
Dehydration
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
67 of 119
5. Introduction to Halogenoalkanes
5. Introduction to Halogenoalkanes
68 of 119
Hydrolysis
A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
69 of 119
6. Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
6. Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
70 of 119
Nucleophiliic Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron deficient center or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
71 of 119
8. Percentage Yield
8. Percentage Yield
72 of 119
% Yield=
(actual amount, in mol, of product/ theoretical amount, in mol, of product)x 100
73 of 119
Limiting Reagent
The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first
74 of 119
9. Atom Economy
9. Atom Economy
75 of 119
Atom Economy=
(molecular mass of the desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products) x100
76 of 119
13. Mass Spectrometry in Organic Chemistry
13. Mass Spectrometry in Organic Chemistry
77 of 119
Molecular Ion, M+
The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule losses an eletron
78 of 119
Fragmentation
The process in mass spetrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces one of which is a positive fragment ion.
79 of 119
15. Reaction Mechanisms
15. Reaction Mechnaisms
80 of 119
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron.
81 of 119
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
82 of 119
Nucleophile
An electron pair donor
83 of 119
Unit Two- Chains,Energy and Resources
Module Three- Energy
84 of 119
1. Enthalpy
1. Enthalpy
85 of 119
Enthalpy
The heat content that is stored in a chemical system
86 of 119
Exothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants , resulting in heat loss to the surroundings
87 of 119
Endothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings
88 of 119
3. Enthalpy Profile Diagrams
3. Enthalpy Profile Diagrams
89 of 119
Enthalpy Profile Diagram
A diagram for a reaction to compare the enthalpy of the reactants with the enthalpy of the products
90 of 119
Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
91 of 119
4. Standard Enthalpy Changes
4. Standard Enthalpy Changes
92 of 119
Standard Conditions
A pressure of 100kPa (1 atmosphere), a stated temperature (usually 298K/ 25oC), and a concentration of 1.0 moldm-3(for reactions with aqueous solutions)
93 of 119
Standard State
The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100kPa and 298K
94 of 119
Standard Enthalpy Change of Reaction
The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions and products being in there standard states.
95 of 119
Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard state
96 of 119
Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from the constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions
97 of 119
5. Determination of Enthalpy Changes
5. Determination of Enthalpy Changes
98 of 119
Specfic Heat Capacity
The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degrees
99 of 119
7.Bond Enthalpies
7.Bond Enthalpies
100 of 119
Bond Enthalpy
The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of given bond in the molecule of gaseous species
101 of 119
Avergae Bond Enthalpy
The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission in 1 mol of a given bond type in the molecules of a gaseous species
102 of 119
8. Enthalpy Changes from
8. Enthalpy Changes from
103 of 119
Hess' Law
Stetes that if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same the total enthalpy change is the same for each route
104 of 119
Enthalpy Cycle
A diagram showing the alternative routes between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' Law
105 of 119
12. Economic Importance of Catalysts
12. Economic Importance of Catalysts
106 of 119
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants, frequently the reatants are gases whist the catalyst is a solid
107 of 119
Homogeneous Catalysis
Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and the reactants are in the same physical state which is most frequently the aqueous or gaseous state
108 of 119
13, The Boltzmann Distribution
13. The Boltzmann Distribution
109 of 119
Boltzmann Distribution
The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature often shown as a graph
110 of 119
14. Chemical Equilibrium
14. Chemical Equilirbium
111 of 119
Dynamic Equilibrium
The equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the the rate of the reverse reaction
112 of 119
Le Chateliers Principle
States that when a position in the dynamic equilibrium is subjected to change the position of the equilibrium will shift to minimize the change
113 of 119
Unit Two-Chains, Energy and Resources
Module Four- Resources
114 of 119
4. The Ozone Layer
4. The Ozone Layer
115 of 119
Troposphere
The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere extending from the Earths surface up to about 7km above the poles and about 20km above the tropics
116 of 119
Stratosphere
The second layer of the Earths surface containing the Ozone layer about 10km to 50km above the Earths surface.
117 of 119
6. Controlling Air Pollution
6. Controlling Air Pollution
118 of 119
Adsorption
The process that occurs when a gas,liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid, or more rarely, a liquid.
119 of 119

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

1. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Back

1. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Card 3

Front

Organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Chemistry resources:

See all Chemistry resources »See all Unit Two- Chains, Energy and Uses resources »